Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34615859›Full record

ArticleNature communications2021

Staphylococcal phages and pathogenicity islands drive plasmid evolution.

Suzanne Humphrey, Álvaro San Millán, Macarena Toll-Riera, John Connolly, Alejandra Flor-Duro, John Chen, Carles Ubeda, R Craig MacLean, José R Penadés

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
36citing papers in PubMed
7.6field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

36 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Revisiting the life cycle of temperate phages.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Capsid redirection mechanism of thePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  9. Veterinary sciences · 2025
    Review
  10. The extended mobility of plasmids.Nucleic acids research · 2025
    Review
  11. Review
  12. Genetics, ecology and evolution of phage satellites.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025
    Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Coexistence of plasmid-mediatedMicrobiology spectrum · 2024
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.

Suzanne HumphreyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9893-3209
Álvaro San MillánCentro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.ORCID 0000-0001-8544-0387
Macarena Toll-RieraInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-0978-3139
John ConnollyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
Alejandra Flor-DuroFundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-FISABIO, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
John ChenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore.
Carles UbedaFundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-FISABIO, 46020, Valencia, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-0560-4658
R Craig MacLeanDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7941-813X
José R PenadésInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK. j.penades@imperial.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-6439-5262
Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana · ESUniversity of Glasgow · GBCentro Nacional de Biotecnología · ESETH Zurich · CHNational University of Singapore · SGUniversidad Cardenal Herrera CEU · ESUniversity of Oxford · GB

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/N002873/1Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/S003835/1Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/V002376/1Medical Research Council MR/M003876/1Medical Research Council MR/S00940X/1Medical Research Council MR/S00940X/2Medical Research Council MR/V000772/1Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 201531/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Conjugation has classically been considered the main mechanism driving plasmid transfer in nature. Yet bacteria frequently carry so-called non-transmissible plasmids, raising questions about how these plasmids spread. Interestingly, the size of many mobilisable and non-transmissible plasmids coincides with the average size of phages (~40 kb) or that of a family of pathogenicity islands, the phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICIs, ~11 kb). Here, we show that phages and PICIs from Staphylococcus aureus can mediate intra- and inter-species plasmid transfer via generalised transduction, potentially contributing to non-transmissible plasmid spread in nature. Further, staphylococcal PICIs enhance plasmid packaging efficiency, and phages and PICIs exert selective pressures on plasmids via the physical capacity of their capsids, explaining the bimodal size distribution observed for non-conjugative plasmids. Our results highlight that transducing agents (phages, PICIs) have important roles in bacterial plasmid evolution and, potentially, in antimicrobial resistance transmission.

Indexed as

Genomic IslandsPlasmidsStaphylococcal InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus Phages

Identifiers

PMID34615859
PMCPMC8494744
OpenAlexW3199062862

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.