ArticleBMJ global health2021
The Individual Water Insecurity Experiences (IWISE) Scale: reliability, equivalence and validity of an individual-level measure of water security.
Article in BMJ global health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Minimum material requirements for hand hygiene in community settings: a systematic review.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Water Insecurity is Associated with Intimate Partner Violence Among Women Living with HIV in Western Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- Poor Water Quality and Food Insecurity in Ecuador: Disparities in Exposure and Associations With Young Child Feeding Practices.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Article
- Implications of water insecurity for food practices and health in contexts of migration and displacement: evidence from the US-Mexico borderlands.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- The Water Insecurity Experiences (WISE) Scales are suitable for use in high-income settings: findings from cognitive interviews and nationally representative surveys.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- The Water Insecurity Experiences (WISE) Scales are suitable for use in high-income settings: findings from cognitive interviews and nationally representative surveys.Research square · 2025Article
- Interacting Water Insecurity and Food Insecurity: Recent Advances in Theory and Application.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- The role of water insecurity in influencing water and sugar-sweetened beverage choices: A scoping review.PLOS sustainability and transformation · 2025Article
- Implementation Lessons of a Water Insecurity Intervention During a Drought in Mexico.Annals of global health · 2025Article
- Estimating effects of monsoon flooding on household water access.Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2024Article
- Self-reported anticipated harm from drinking water across 141 countries.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Complementing the United States Household Food Security Survey Module with Items Reflecting Social Unacceptability.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Water insecurity is associated with greater food insecurity and lower dietary diversity: panel data from sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic.Food security · 2024Article
- A declaration on the value of experiential measures of food and water insecurity to improve science and policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Article
- Frontiers of household water insecurity metrics: severity, adaptation and resilience.BMJ global health · 2023Review
- Concurrence of water and food insecurities, 25 low- and middle-income countries.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2023Article
- Tap Water Avoidance Is Associated with Lower Food Security in the United States: Evidence from NHANES 2005-2018.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2023Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe lack of a validated and cross-culturally equivalent scale for measuring individual-level water insecurity has prevented identification of those most vulnerable to it. Therefore, we developed the 12-item Individual Water InSecurity Experiences (IWISE) Scale to comparably measure individual experiences with access, use, and stability (reliability) of water. Here, we examine the reliability, cross-country equivalence, and cross-country and within-country validity of the scale in a cross-sectional sample.
methodsIWISE items were implemented by the Gallup World Poll among nationally representative samples of 43 970 adults (
findingsInternal consistency was high; Cronbach's alpha was ≥0.89 in all countries. Goodness-of-fit statistics from MGCFA, the proportion of equivalent item thresholds and loadings in the alignment models, and Rasch output indicated equivalence across countries. Validity across countries was also established; country mean IWISE scores were negatively associated with gross domestic product and percentage of the population with access to basic water services, but positively associated with fertility rate. Validity within countries was also demonstrated; individuals' IWISE scores were positively associated with greater odds of dissatisfaction with water quality and negatively associated with lower financial standing.
conclusionsThe IWISE Scale provides an equivalent measure of individual experiences with water access and use across LMICs. It will be useful for establishing and tracking changes in the prevalence of water insecurity and identifying groups who have been 'left behind'.
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