ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021
Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in persons living with HIV in Eastern Europe: associated factors and effect on mortality-a multicentre prospective cohort study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors associated with severity of pulmonary tuberculosis in people living with and without HIV: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Patient-related diagnostic delay and risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes among pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the antituberculosis center of Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Optimizing drug-resistant tuberculosis diagnosis: cost-effectiveness of rapid molecular and phenotypic assays in South Africa.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Advancements in laboratory diagnostics for HIV/MTB coinfection: Integrating conventional methods with emerging technologies.Practical laboratory medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Diagnostic utility of haematological parameters for tuberculosis in children living with HIV (0-14 years): a retrospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Clinical Characteristics of Tuberculosis Among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A Multicenter Study.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2024Article
- The Content Validity of an Instrument That Measures Health-Seeking Behavior for Tuberculosis among People Living with HIV in India.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Reflex Xpert MTB/XDR Testing of Residual Rifampicin-Resistant Specimens: A Clinical Laboratory-Based Diagnostic Accuracy and Feasibility Study in South Africa.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with HIV and HIV-Uninfected Individuals in Lithuania.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on the national tuberculosis elimination program in uttarakhand, india: a mixed-methods research study.Infection prevention in practice · 2023Article
- Article
- Disseminated tuberculosis and diagnosis delay during the COVID-19 era in a Western European country: a case series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Atypical Pulmonary Tuberculosis as the First Manifestation of Advanced HIV Disease-Diagnostic Difficulties.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Predictors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Outcome and Adverse Events in an Italian Referral Hospital: A Nine-Year Retrospective Study (2013-2021).Annals of global health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 12 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEarly diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is important to reduce transmission, morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH).
methodsPLWH with a diagnosis of TB were enrolled from HIV and TB clinics in Eastern Europe and followed until 24 months. Delayed diagnosis was defined as duration of TB symptoms (cough, weight-loss or fever) for ≥ 1 month before TB diagnosis. Risk factors for delayed TB diagnosis were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. The effect of delayed diagnosis on mortality was assessed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox models.
findings480/740 patients (64.9%; 95% CI 61.3-68.3%) experienced a delayed diagnosis. Age ≥ 50 years (vs. < 50 years, aOR = 2.51; 1.18-5.32; p = 0.016), injecting drug use (IDU) (vs. non-IDU aOR = 1.66; 1.21-2.29; p = 0.002), being ART naïve (aOR = 1.77; 1.24-2.54; p = 0.002), disseminated TB (vs. pulmonary TB, aOR = 1.56, 1.10-2.19, p = 0.012), and presenting with weight loss (vs. no weight loss, aOR = 1.63; 1.18-2.24; p = 0.003) were associated with delayed diagnosis. PLWH with a delayed diagnosis were at 36% increased risk of death (hazard ratio = 1.36; 1.04-1.77; p = 0.023, adjusted hazard ratio 1.27; 0.95-1.70; p = 0.103).
conclusionNearly two thirds of PLWH with TB in Eastern Europe had a delayed TB diagnosis, in particular those of older age, people who inject drugs, ART naïve, with disseminated disease, and presenting with weight loss. Patients with delayed TB diagnosis were subsequently at higher risk of death in unadjusted analysis. There is a need for optimisation of the current TB diagnostic cascade and HIV care in PLWH in Eastern Europe.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.