Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34614297›Full record

ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2022

Tuning Hydrogels by Mixing Dynamic Cross-Linkers: Enabling Cell-Instructive Hydrogels and Advanced Bioinks.

Francis L C Morgan, Julia Fernández-Pérez, Lorenzo Moroni, Matthew B Baker

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed
5.0field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  4. On-Demand Chemically Degradable Hydrogels for Biological Applications.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026
    Review
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  15. Boronate Ester Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: Challenges and Opportunities.Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society · 2024
    Review
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Francis L C MorganDepartment of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-5289-3491
Julia Fernández-PérezDepartment of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8375-2907
Lorenzo MoroniDepartment of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1298-6025
Matthew B BakerDepartment of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1731-3858
Maastricht University · NL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rational design of hydrogels that balance processability and extracellular matrix (ECM) biomimicry remains a challenge for tissue engineering and biofabrication. Hydrogels suitable for biofabrication techniques, yet tuneable to match the mechanical (static and dynamic) properties of native tissues remain elusive. Dynamic covalent hydrogels possessing shear-thinning/self-healing (processability) and time-dependent cross-links (mechanical properties) provide a potential solution, yet can be difficult to rationally control. Here, the straightforward modular mixing of dynamic cross-links with different timescales (hydrazone and oxime) is explored using rheology, self-healing tests, extrusion printing, and culture of primary human dermal fibroblasts. Maintaining a constant polymer content and cross-linker concentration, the stiffness and stress relaxation can be tuned across two orders of magnitude. All formulations demonstrate a similar flow profile after network rupture, allowing the separation of initial mechanical properties from flow behavior during printing. Furthermore, the self-healing nature of hydrogels with high hydrazone content enables recyclability of printed structures. Last, a distinct threshold for cell spreading and morphology is observed within this hydrogel series, even in multi-material constructs. Simple cross-linker mixing enables fine control and is of general interest for bioink development, targeting viscoelastic properties of specific cellular niches, and as an accessible and flexible platform for designing dynamic networks.

Indexed as

BioprintingHydrogelsExtracellular MatrixHumansPrinting, Three-DimensionalTissue EngineeringTissue ScaffoldsHydrogelsbioprintingcross-linker mixingdynamic covalent hydrogelsmechanical controlschiff basesstress-relaxation

Identifiers

PMID34614297
PMCPMC11468463
OpenAlexW3203774558

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.