ArticleJournal of virology2022
Molecular Coevolution of Nuclear and Nucleolar Localization Signals inside the Basic Domain of HIV-1 Tat.
Article in Journal of virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structures of Nicotiana benthamiana importin-α1 complexes reveal mechanisms for plant virus NLS recognition.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Characterization of nucleolar localization signals in the avian infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein and their critical role in viral replication.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Dynamic Intracellular Trafficking of the Low Molecular Weight Protamine in Breast Cancer Cells.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Interaction between HIV-1 Tat and EBV Zta favours immune escape of B cells by downregulating HLA-ABC expression.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Focal adhesion kinase promotes ribosome biogenesis to drive advanced thyroid cancer cell growth and survival.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Dissecting the Nuclear Import of the Ribosomal Protein Rps2 (uS5).Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Nuclear Delivery of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems by Nuclear Localization Signals.Cells · 2023Review
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Use in Development of Transgenic Plants.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During evolution, viruses had to adapt to an increasingly complex environment of eukaryotic cells. Viral proteins that need to enter the cell nucleus or associate with nucleoli possess nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nucleolar localization signals (NoLSs) for nuclear and nucleolar accumulation, respectively. As viral proteins are relatively small, acquisition of novel sequences seems to be a more complicated task for viruses than for eukaryotes. Here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the basic domain (BD) of HIV-1 Tat to show how viral proteins might evolve with NLSs and NoLSs without an increase in protein size. The HIV-1 Tat BD is involved in several functions, the most important being the transactivation of viral transcription. The BD also functions as an NLS, although it is substantially longer than a typical NLS. It seems that different regions in the BD could function as NLSs due to its enrichment with positively charged amino acids. Additionally, the high positive net charge inevitably causes the BD to function as an NoLS through a charge-specific mechanism. The integration of NLSs and NoLSs into functional domains enriched with positively charged amino acids might be a mechanism that allows the condensation of different functional sequences in small protein regions and, as a result, reduces protein size, influencing the origin and evolution of NLSs and NoLSs in viruses.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.