ArticleJMIR public health and surveillance2021
Smoking Protective and Risk Factors Among Transgender and Gender-Expansive Individuals (Project SPRING): Qualitative Study Using Digital Photovoice.
Article in JMIR public health and surveillance, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying the ways in which tobacco cessation interventions have been tailored for sexual and gender minority individuals: A systematic review.Journal of health psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Joy in the margins: examining narratives of everyday resistance among SGM BIPOC young adults in Orange County.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity in Protective Factors as a Buffer for Unique Risk Factors and Daily Smoking Among Transgender Adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Understanding biopsychosocial factors influencing cigarette smoking among transgender and gender diverse individuals living in Argentina: a qualitative study.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- E-cigarette use among gender and sexuality diverse (LGBTQA+) adolescents in Australia: The case for LGBTQA+ affirmative harm reduction.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Pragmatic recruitment strategies for a text-based smoking cessation intervention for sexual and gender minority groups.Discover public health · 2025Article
- Minority stressors and tobacco use among a US sample of sexual and gender minority young adults.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Ethical Issues in Photovoice Studies involving Key Populations: A Scoping Review.Asian bioethics review · 2024Article
- Smoking Cessation Among Gender Minority Populations, Cis-women, and Cis-men: Findings From the International Tobacco Control Netherlands Survey.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Designing and pilot-testing SmokefreeSGM: a text-based smoking cessation intervention for sexual and gender minority groups.mHealth · 2023Article
- Cannabis Practices Among a Gender-Diverse Sample of Young Adults.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2022Article
- Using Photovoice as a Method for Capturing the Lived Experiences of Caregivers During COVID-19: A Methodological Insight.International journal of qualitative methodsArticle
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender and gender-expansive (TGE) adults are twice as likely to smoke cigarettes than cisgender individuals. There is a critical gap in research on effective and culturally sensitive approaches to reduce smoking prevalence among TGE adults.
objectiveThis study aims to qualitatively examine the risk and protective factors of cigarette smoking among TGE adults through real-world exemplars.
methodsWe conducted a digital photovoice study among a purposeful sample of 47 TGE adults aged ≥18 years and currently smoking in the United States (March 2019-April 2020). Participants uploaded photos daily that depicted smoking risk and protective factors they experienced over 21 days on either private Facebook or Instagram groups. Next, we conducted separate focus group discussions to explore the experiences of these factors among a subset of participants from each group. We analyzed participants' photos, captions, and focus group transcripts and generated themes associated with smoking risk and protective factors.
resultsWe identified 6 major themes of risk and protective factors of smoking among TGE individuals: experience of stress, gender affirmation, health consciousness, social influences, routine behaviors, and environmental cues. We describe and illustrate each theme using exemplar photos and quotes.
conclusionsThe findings of this study will inform future community-engaged research to develop culturally tailored interventions to reduce smoking prevalence among TGE individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.