ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Sex Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Reservoir Size During Aging.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age modifies the association between sex and the plasma inflammatory proteome in treated HIV.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Trial
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Natural killer cells in pediatric HIV cure strategies: from viral control to immunotherapeutics.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Impact of sex differences in adult and paediatric HIV-1 cure.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Intersectionality-Informed HIV Cure-Related Research at the End of Life: A Call to Action.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Viral shedding and symptom severity across populations during acute COVID in the ACTIV-2 study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Dynamics of HIV reservoirs following repeated anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Hepatic Viral Reservoirs in Concurrent HIV and HBV: From Mechanistic Insight to Integrated Cure Strategies.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Impact of Sex on Viral Shedding and Symptom Severity During Acute COVID-19.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Article
- 'It is scary to pause treatment': perspectives on HIV cure-related research and analytical treatment interruptions from women diagnosed during acute HIV in Durban, South Africa.HIV research & clinical practice · 2025Article
- Estrogen Modulation of B Cell Immunity: Implications for HIV Control and Therapeutic Strategies.Comprehensive physiology · 2025Review
- From network biology to immunity: potential longitudinal biomarkers for targeting the network topology of the HIV reservoir.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Host-directed approaches in the pursuit of a cure for HIV.Antiviral research · 2025Review
- Menopause: an opportunity to optimize health and well being for people with HIV.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- A Guide to the Evolving Clinical Landscape of Low-Level Viremia Among Persons with HIV in the Modern Treatment Era.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- Selective decline of intact HIV reservoirs during the first decade of ART followed by stabilization in memory T cell subsets.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- HIV and Low Omega-3 Levels May Heighten Hippocampal Volume Differences Between Men and Women With Substance Use.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- HIV-1 Rebound Virus Consists of a Small Number of Lineages That Entered the Reservoir Close to ART Initiation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cytokine trajectory over time in men and women with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSex differences in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir dynamics remain underexplored.
methodsLongitudinal samples from virally suppressed midlife women (n = 59, median age 45 years) and age-matched men (n = 31) were analyzed retrospectively. At each time point, we measured sex hormones (by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and cellular HIV DNA and RNA (by means of digital droplet polymerase chain reaction). Number of inducible HIV RNA+ cells, which provides an upper estimate of the replication-competent reservoir, was quantified longitudinally in a different subset of 14 women, across well-defined reproductive stages. Mixed-effects models included normalized reservoir outcomes and sex, time since antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, and the sex-by-time interaction as predictors.
resultsAt ART initiation, women and men had median (interquartile range [IQR]) CD4+ T-cell counts of 204/μL (83-306/μL) versus 238/μL (120-284/μL), respectively; median ages of 45 (42-48) versus 47 (43-51) years; and median follow-up times of 79.2/μL (60.5-121.1/μL) versus 66.2/μL (43.2-80.6/μL) months. We observed a significant decline of total HIV DNA over time in both men and women (P < .01). However, the rates of change differed significantly between the sexes (P < .01), with women having a significantly slower rate of decline than men, more pronounced with age. By contrast, the levels of inducible HIV RNA increased incrementally over time in women during reproductive aging (P < .01).
conclusionsIn contrast to men, in whom the HIV reservoir steadily declines with aging, the HIV reservoir in women is more dynamic. Total HIV DNA (including intact and defective genomes) declines more slowly in women than in men, while the inducible HIV RNA+ reservoir, which is highly enriched in replication-competent virus, increases in women after menopause.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.