Assessment of water quality in ponds across the rural, peri-urban, and urban gradient.

The Prairie Pothole Region is one of the most wetland rich areas of the world and has experienced intense disturbance from increased agricultural demands and urban sprawl. This study assessed ponds across the urban gradient for the first time in the region to determine the impacts of urbanization on water quality. Thirty ponds (ten rural, ten peri-urban, and ten urban) were randomly selected and compared based on land use type and the impervious to pervious surface ratio within 1.6 km of each pond. Water quality samples were taken monthly in 2015 and 2016, across 3 and 6 months respectively. Assessment included chemical and physical parameters, which were compared spatially across the gradient and temporally between sampling periods. Results indicate disturbance from urbanization negatively impacts water quality. Spatially across the gradient, rural pond water quality was significantly different from both peri-urban and urban ponds, whereas peri-urban and urban pond water quality was not significantly different. Temporally, differences between water quality parameters and sampling periods indicate that surrounding land use, land cover, and precipitation influence parameter concentrations across the urbanization gradient. Information from this study is useful to water professionals dealing with urban development and sprawl that continue to impact water and natural habitat.