ArticleAesthetic surgery journal. Open forum2021
Analysis of Nipple-Areola Complex Localization Using Male Cadavers: Considerations for Gender-Affirming Surgery.
Article in Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aesthetic preferences for male breast: Analysis of 2282 surveys on the Chinese population.JPRAS open · 2025Article
- Linear Regression Algorithm for Male Nipple-Areolar Complex Anthropometry and Placement, Using Body Mass Index.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Simultaneous Treatment of Pseudo-gynecomastia and Lateral Chest in Patients with Massive Weight Loss.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Techniques for Preserving the Nipple Areolar Complex in Chest Masculinization for All Chest Sizes.Cureus · 2025Article
- Commentary on: Analysis of Nipple-Areola Complex Localization Using Male Cadavers: Considerations for Gender-Affirming Surgery.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMasculinizing chest reconstruction is the most common gender-affirming surgery in transgender males. Despite the current literature's acknowledgment of the vital role that proper placement of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) plays in a masculine chest contour, there is still much debate regarding the best anatomical landmarks to achieve the desired result.
objectivesThe primary aim of this study is to determine which landmarks for NAC placement can be applied across diverse body types and aid surgeons in creating a masculine chest.
methodsTwenty-five formaldehyde-embalmed male cadavers were analyzed by conducting various measurements of the NAC, nipple, and surrounding bony and muscular landmarks to identify the most consistent landmarks for proper NAC placement. Linear regression analyses were run to determine how the distance between nipple to respective landmarks varied based on antemortem body mass index (BMI), height, weight, and age.
resultsThe measurements for the inferior and lateral borders of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) displayed the least amount of variance of all the anatomical landmarks studied. Additionally, there was no significant change in these pectoral measurements with varying BMI, height, weight, or age, indicating that these measurements are reliable landmarks for NAC placement across various body types. The average NAC placement in relation to the inferior and lateral borders of PMM was around 2.5 and 2.0 cm, respectively.
conclusionsOur cadaveric analysis indicates that aesthetically pleasing masculine chest results can be produced consistently across varying body types when adhering to a simple pectoral approach in NAC placement.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.