ArticleInfection and drug resistance2021
Impact of High Serum Levels of MMP-7, MMP-9, TGF-β and PDGF Macrophage Activation Markers on Severity of COVID-19 in Obese-Diabetic Patients.
Article in Infection and drug resistance, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pulmonary fibrosis after COVID-19 is characterized by airway abnormalities and elevated club cell secretory protein-16.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as biomarkers of disease severity in COVID-19 patients.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Post-booster longitudinal plasma proteomic changes following BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in Qatar.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Understanding the long-term interplay of SARS-CoV-2 immune and inflammatory responses with proteases in COVID-19 recovery: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Network pharmacology and molecular docking ofIn silico pharmacology · 2025Article
- Matrix metalloproteinase-7 is dispensable in a mouse model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury.PloS one · 2025Article
- Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Article
- Article
- Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Coinciding Pandemics of Obesity and COVID-19: Worse than Bad.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Extracellular matrix remodelling pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from severe COVID-19 patients: an explorative study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Elevated matrix metalloproteinase‑9 expression is associated with COVID‑19 severity: A meta‑analysis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Article
- Intervention Effects of Physical Activity on Type 2 Diabetic Patients Potentially Infected with COVID-19.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Cytokine Kinetics during Progression of COVID-19 in Rwanda Patients: Could IL-9/IFNγ Ratio Predict Disease Severity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- TGF Beta as a Prognostic Biomarker of COVID-19 Severity in Patients with NAFLD-A Prospective Case-Control Study.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Article
- Viral Infection, Pulmonary Fibrosis, and Long COVID.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
- Residual Lung Abnormalities after COVID-19 Hospitalization: Interim Analysis of the UKILD Post-COVID-19 Study.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
- Role of the extracellular matrix in COVID-19.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to identify an association between the severity of COVID-19 in obese-diabetic patients and altered serum levels of MMP-7, MMP-9, TGF-β, and PDGF macrophage activation markers. METHODOLOGY: The study included 70 COVID-19 patients, divided into two groups: Group 1 included: Obese COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D, n=22 patients) and group 2 included; non-obese, non-diabetic COVID-19 patients as an age- and sex-matched control group (n=48 patients). Serum levels of the tested biomarkers were measured by ELISA at admission and after one weak follow-up.
resultsThere was a significant reduction in the serum levels of LBP in obese-diabetic COVID-19 patients versus the control group (8.34±3.94 vs 20.78±7.61) (p 0.0001). Significant elevation of MMP-7, MMP-9, PDGF and TGF-β was detected in obese diabetic COVID-19 patients compared to the non-obese non-diabetic group: 1044.7±519.6 vs 405.6±164.1, 483.05±46.5 vs 173.31±76.26, 154.5±62.78 vs 39.77±21.52, and 603.05±258.82 vs 180.29±97.17, respectively. The serum levels of macrophage activation markers in obese-diabetic patients one week after admission revealed that patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had significantly higher serum levels of MMP-7 and MMP-9 than non-ARDS patients (p 0.02 and p 0.01 respectively).
conclusionMacrophages were mainly polarized towards the M2 phenotype in obese-diabetic COVID-19 patients with significant upregulation of the pro-fibrotic markers MMP-7, MMP-9, PDGF, and TGF-β. Thus, high levels of MMP-7 and MMP-9 are associated with ARDS in severe COVID-19 disease among obese-diabetic patients.
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