ArticleJournal of multidisciplinary healthcare2021
Comparing Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of Clarke's Angle and Foot Posture Index-6 to Determine Flexible Flatfoot in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Investigation.
Article in Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07237321 (Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation of Foot Muscles), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation of Foot Muscles
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of School Backpack Weight on Shape of Children's Feet.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Whole-body biomechanical and lifestyle predictors of pediatric musculoskeletal pain: a multi-center cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and functional impact of flexible flatfoot in school-aged children: a cross-sectional clinical and postural assessment.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence of flatfoot and analysis of plantar pressure distribution in adolescents based on body mass index: a regional study.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2024Article
- Foot Posture Index Does Not Correlate with Dynamic Foot Assessment Performed via Baropodometric Examination: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of Foot Rehabilitation Exercises for Painful Flat Foot in a 20-Year-Old Female: A Case Study Analysis.Cureus · 2024Article
- The predictive value of T-cell chimerism for disease relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The relationship of three-dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2023Article
- Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6)-Italian Version.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dental Malocclusion in Mixed Dentition Children and Its Relation to Podal System and Gait Parameters.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Selected hallmarks of hallux valgus in older women with symptomatic hallux valgus compared to middle-aged women with and without deformation of the forefoot.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveClinically, the foot posture index-6 (FPI-6) and Clarke's angle (CA) are widely utilized to assess static foot posture; however, due to scarcity of scientific evidence, clinicians continue to debate the validity and diagnostic accuracy of these measures in children and adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the validity and diagnostic accuracy of the FPI-6 and CA in determining adolescents' flexible flatfoot between ages of 12 and 18 years, considering radiographic investigation as a reference standard measure.
designCross-sectional study.
settingGovernmental hospitals. PARTICIPANTS AND
methodsA sample of 460 people (920 feet) with flexible flatfoot between the ages of 12 and 18 (15.23 ± 0.84 years) was enrolled in the study. The findings of the investigated measures were compared to the reference standard radiographic measure and plotted on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was determined as a measure of FPI-6 and CA diagnostic accuracy. Intra-rater reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios of FPI-6 and CA were calculated and compared. The post-test probability of flatfoot was determined using the Fagan nomogram.
resultsCA had a substantially higher intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.99) than the FPI-6 (ICC=0.96), with p-value of 0.001. CA has greater sensitivity (98%) than FPI-6, as well as a superior specificity (99%), positive predictive value (98%), negative predictive value (98.9%), positive likelihood ratio (97), and a lower negative likelihood ratio (0.02). CA had such an area under ROC curve of 0.98 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.95-1.00, while FPI-6 had an area under ROC curve of 0.80 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.77-0.85).
conclusionFPI-6 and Clarke's angle are both valid and diagnostically accurate clinical tests for flatfoot detection, with Clarke's angle outperforming FPI-6 in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with a normal BMI.
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