ReviewNature protocols2021
Expression and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.
Review in Nature protocols, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antigen anisotropy: The overlooked geometric determinant of vaccine immunogenicity and fidelity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Coordinated immune response distinguishes duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral particle shedding in humans.iScience · 2026Article
- Species- and variant-specific ACE2 compatibility shapes SARS-CoV-2 spillover potential in North American cervids.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Prefusion-stabilized Hantaan virus glycoprotein nucleic acid vaccine elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses via germinal center activation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- From Innate to Adaptive: Paradigm Shifts and Frontier Challenges in Next-Generation Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Distinct immune responses in people living with HIV following SARS-CoV-2 recovery.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- The influence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure on retinal development in the human retinal organoids.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- Structural and Functional Glycosylation of the Abdala COVID-19 Vaccine.Glycobiology · 2025Article
- A novel neutralizing monoclonal antibody recognizes a linear antigenic epitope of the spike protein of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus.Virology journal · 2024Article
- ProteinReDiff: Complex-based ligand-binding proteins redesign by equivariant diffusion-based generative models.Structural dynamics (Melville, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Synergistic inhibition effects of andrographolide and baicalin on coronavirus mechanisms by downregulation of ACE2 protein level.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Precise control of digital dental unit to reduce aerosol and splatter production: new challenges for future epidemics.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Mammalian Antigen Display for Pandemic Countermeasures.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5.2.48.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Dendritic Cell-Mediated Cross-Priming by a Bispecific Neutralizing Antibody Boosts Cytotoxic T Cell Responses and Protects Mice against SARS-CoV-2.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- What We Learned about the Feasibility of Gene Electrotransfer for Vaccination on a Model of COVID-19 Vaccine.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Structural and computational design of a SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with improved expression and immunogenicity.Science advances · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein is a critical component of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and diagnostics and is also a therapeutic target. However, the spike protein is difficult to produce recombinantly because it is a large trimeric class I fusion membrane protein that is metastable and heavily glycosylated. We recently developed a prefusion-stabilized spike variant, termed HexaPro for six stabilizing proline substitutions, that can be expressed with a yield of >30 mg/L in ExpiCHO cells. This protocol describes an optimized workflow for expressing and biophysically characterizing rationally engineered spike proteins in Freestyle 293 and ExpiCHO cell lines. Although we focus on HexaPro, this protocol has been used to purify over a hundred different spike variants in our laboratories. We also provide guidance on expression quality control, long-term storage, and uses in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The entire protocol, from transfection to biophysical characterization, can be completed in 7 d by researchers with basic tissue cell culture and protein purification expertise.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.