ArticleScientific reports2021
Effects of cigarette smoke on Haemophilus influenzae-induced otitis media in a rat model.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Mucosa in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association between social determinants of health and hearing loss in South African children: A secondary data analysis.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Mucosa of Rats.Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology · 2023Article
- Understanding Risk Factors for Otitis Media in Rural Alaska Native Children: A Cohort Study.Ear and hearingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is a factor that could delay or worsen the recovery of otitis media (OM) by causing inflammatory swelling of the Eustachian tube (ET). However, despite the suggested relationship, little is known about the association between OM and CS. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of CS on the development, progression, and recovery of OM, as well as the histological and molecular changes caused by CS exposure, by using a rat model of OM infected with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats with normal middle ears (MEs) were divided into four groups (n = 20 rats/group): control, CS, OM, and CS + OM. The CS and CS + OM groups were exposed to CS for 2 weeks. The inflammatory reaction to NTHi was more intense and lasted longer in the CS + OM group than in the other groups. Goblet cell proliferation and mucus secretion in the ET were more significant in the CS and CS + OM groups than in the other groups. These findings suggested that because CS directly affects the ET and ME mucosa, bacterial OM can become more severe and may resolve more slowly in the presence of CS exposure rather than in its absence.
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