Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34610987›Full record

ArticleNeurology2021

Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies With COVID-19 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis.

Steve Simpson-Yap, Edward De Brouwer, Tomas Kalincik, Nick Rijke, Jan A Hillert, Clare Walton, Gilles Edan, Yves Moreau, Tim Spelman, Lotte Geys and 37 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
154citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
32.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

154 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 236 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Systematic review of risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 with therapies approved to treat multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022
    Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Observational
  14. Article
  15. Impact of Age on Switching or Stopping Disease Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Observational
  19. Article
  20. Review

94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

47 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Steve Simpson-YapFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. liesbet.peeters@uhasselt.be.ORCID 0000-0001-6521-3056
Edward De BrouwerFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Tomas KalincikFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-3778-1376
Nick RijkeFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Jan A HillertFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Clare WaltonFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Gilles EdanFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Yves MoreauFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Tim SpelmanFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Lotte GeysFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Tina ParciakFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1989-3641
Clement GautraisFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Nikola LazovskiFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Ashkan PirmaniFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-4549-1002
Amin ArdeshirdavanaiFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7226-7324
Lars ForsbergFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-3536-1813
Anna GlaserFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Robert McBurneyFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1747-1004
Hollie SchmidtFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Arnfin B BergmannFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Stefan BrauneFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Alexander StahmannFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5308-105X
Rodden MiddletonFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-2130-4420
Amber SalterFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1088-110X
Robert J FoxFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-4263-3717
Anneke van der WaltFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-4278-7003
Helmut ButzkuevenFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Raed AlroughaniFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Serkan OzakbasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Juan I RojasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Ingrid van der MeiFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Nupur NagFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0271-0781
Rumen IvanovFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Guilherme Sciascia do OlivalFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-2717-7522
Alice Estavo DiasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Melinda MagyariFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0972-5222
Doralina BrumFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Maria Fernanda MendesFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Ricardo N AlonsoFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Richard S NicholasFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Johana BauerFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Aníbal Sebastián ChertcoffFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Anna ZabalzaFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-3860-5251
Georgina ArrambideFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-2657-5510
Alexander FidaoFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Giancarlo ComiFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Liesbet PeetersFrom the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
The University of Melbourne · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesPeople with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a vulnerable group for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those taking immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We examined the characteristics of COVID-19 severity in an international sample of people with MS.

methodsData from 12 data sources in 28 countries were aggregated (sources could include patients from 1-12 countries). Demographic (age, sex), clinical (MS phenotype, disability), and DMT (untreated, alemtuzumab, cladribine, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, interferon, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, rituximab, siponimod, other DMTs) covariates were queried, along with COVID-19 severity outcomes, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, need for artificial ventilation, and death. Characteristics of outcomes were assessed in patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, MS phenotype, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score.

resultsSix hundred fifty-seven (28.1%) with suspected and 1,683 (61.9%) with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among suspected plus confirmed and confirmed-only COVID-19, 20.9% and 26.9% were hospitalized, 5.4% and 7.2% were admitted to ICU, 4.1% and 5.4% required artificial ventilation, and 3.2% and 3.9% died. Older age, progressive MS phenotype, and higher disability were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Compared to dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.41; aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.48-4.02) and ICU admission (aOR 2.30, 95% CI 0.98-5.39; aOR 3.93, 95% CI 1.56-9.89), although only rituximab was associated with higher risk of artificial ventilation (aOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.54-10.39). Compared to pooled other DMTs, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.29-2.38; aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.87-4.07) and ICU admission (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49-4.36; aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.27-8.23), but only rituximab was associated with artificial ventilation (aOR 6.15, 95% CI 3.09-12.27). Compared to natalizumab, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13-3.07; aOR 2.88, 95% CI 1.68-4.92) and ICU admission (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 0.85-5.35; aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.17-8.91), but only rituximab was associated with ventilation (aOR 5.52, 95% CI 1.71-17.84). Associations persisted on restriction to confirmed COVID-19 cases. No associations were observed between DMTs and death. Stratification by age, MS phenotype, and EDSS score found no indications that DMT associations with COVID-19 severity reflected differential DMT allocation by underlying COVID-19 severity. DISCUSSION: Using the largest cohort of people with MS and COVID-19 available, we demonstrated consistent associations of rituximab with increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for artificial ventilation and of ocrelizumab with hospitalization and ICU admission. Despite the cross-sectional design of the study, the internal and external consistency of these results with prior studies suggests that rituximab/ocrelizumab use may be a risk factor for more severe COVID-19.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAgedAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedCOVID-19Cross-Sectional StudiesDimethyl FumarateFemaleHospitalizationHumansMaleMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisNatalizumabRespiration, ArtificialRituximabAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedDimethyl FumarateNatalizumabocrelizumabRituximab

Identifiers

PMID34610987
PMCPMC8601210
OpenAlexW3204061559

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