Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34610277›Full record

ArticleCell2021

Bombesin-like peptide recruits disinhibitory cortical circuits and enhances fear memories.

Sarah Melzer, Elena R Newmark, Grace Or Mizuno, Minsuk Hyun, Adrienne C Philson, Eleonora Quiroli, Beatrice Righetti, Malika R Gregory, Kee Wui Huang, James Levasseur and 2 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  8. Developmental and Early-Life Stress-Induced Effects on 5-HTbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
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  11. Reciprocal projections between the globus pallidus externa and cortex span motor and nonmotor regions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Discovery and functional characterization of a bombesin-type neuropeptide signaling system in an invertebrate.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  15. Neuroendocrine Control of Synaptic Transmission by PHAC-1 inThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025
    Article
  16. Neuropeptides: The Evergreen Jack-of-All-Trades in Neuronal Circuit Development and Regulation.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025
    Review
  17. Neuropeptidergic systems in psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Sarah MelzerDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Elena R NewmarkDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Grace Or MizunoDepartments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
Minsuk HyunDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Adrienne C PhilsonDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Eleonora QuiroliDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Beatrice RighettiDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Malika R GregoryDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Kee Wui HuangDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
James LevasseurDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Lin TianDepartments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
Bernardo L SabatiniDepartment of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: bsabatini@hms.harvard.edu.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute · USUniversity of California, Davis · US

Funding

Super-Resolution ImagingP30NS072030 · NINDS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI REGEHR, WADE G · 2011 to 2020
$5.8M
Action and interaction of ionotropic and metabotropic neurotransmissionR37NS046579 · NINDS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI SABATINI, BERNARDO L · 2018 to 2024
$4.6M
Next generation all-optical toolkits for functional analysis of neuropeptide dynamics in neural circuitsU01NS113295 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BANGHART, MATTHEW R., SABATINI, BERNARDO L · 2019 to 2022
$3.7M
NINDS NIH HHS P30 NS072030NINDS NIH HHS R37 NS046579
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Disinhibitory neurons throughout the mammalian cortex are powerful enhancers of circuit excitability and plasticity. The differential expression of neuropeptide receptors in disinhibitory, inhibitory, and excitatory neurons suggests that each circuit motif may be controlled by distinct neuropeptidergic systems. Here, we reveal that a bombesin-like neuropeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), recruits disinhibitory cortical microcircuits through selective targeting and activation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing cells. Using a genetically encoded GRP sensor, optogenetic anterograde stimulation, and trans-synaptic tracing, we reveal that GRP regulates VIP cells most likely via extrasynaptic diffusion from several local and long-range sources. In vivo photometry and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of the GRP receptor (GRPR) in auditory cortex indicate that VIP cells are strongly recruited by novel sounds and aversive shocks, and GRP-GRPR signaling enhances auditory fear memories. Our data establish peptidergic recruitment of selective disinhibitory cortical microcircuits as a mechanism to regulate fear memories.

Indexed as

Amino Acid SequenceAnimalsAuditory CortexBombesinCalciumCalcium SignalingConditioning, ClassicalFearGastrin-Releasing PeptideGene Expression RegulationGenes, Immediate-EarlyHEK293 CellsHumansIntracellular SpaceMaleMemoryBombesinCalciumGastrin-Releasing PeptideReceptors, BombesinVasoactive Intestinal PeptidecortexCRISPR-Cas9disinhibitionfear memorygastrin-releasing peptideneuropeptideVIP cells

Identifiers

PMID34610277
PMCPMC8556345
OpenAlexW3204217818

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.