ArticlePlant physiology2021
DIRT/3D: 3D root phenotyping for field-grown maize (Zea mays).
Article in Plant physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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31 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrating 3D phenotyping and functional-structural plant models for crop ideotype breeding.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Improving 3D reconstruction quality for root phenotyping: assessing the impact of camera calibration and imaging parameters.Plant methods · 2026Article
- Diversity of Root System Architecture in Mediterranean Maize Inbred Lines Provides New Breeding Opportunities to Improve Stress Resilience and Resource Efficiency.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- High-density field-based 3D reconstruction of rice architecture across diverse cultivars for genome-wide association studies.Plant methods · 2026Article
- Root system architecture and drought adaptation: emerging tools and genetic insights.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Phenome-to-genome insights for evaluating root system architecture in field studies of maize.The plant genome · 2025Article
- Phenotyping, genome-wide dissection, and prediction of maize root architecture for temperate adaptability.iMeta · 2025Article
- Identification of phenotypic and transcriptomic signatures underpinning maize crown root systems.Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Current methods and future needs for visible and non-visible detection of plant stress responses.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Review
- GRABSEEDS: extraction of plant organ traits through image analysis.Plant methods · 2024Article
- TopoRoot+: computing whorl and soil line traits of field-excavated maize roots from CT imaging.Plant methods · 2024Article
- From phenotyping to genetic mapping: identifying water-stress adaptations in legume root traits.BMC plant biology · 2024Review
- Multi-trait association mapping for phosphorous efficiency reveals flexible root architectures in sorghum.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- A system for the study of roots 3D kinematics in hydroponic culture: a study on the oscillatory features of root tip.Plant methods · 2024Article
- Location: root architecture structures rhizosphere microbial associations.Journal of experimental botany · 2024Article
- Noninvasive Abiotic Stress Phenotyping of Vascular Plant in Each Vegetative Organ View.Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Root phenotypes for improved nitrogen capture.Plant and soil · 2024Review
- Fast and Efficient Root Phenotyping via Pose Estimation.Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Hybrid performance evaluation and genome-wide association analysis of root system architecture in a maize association population.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2023Article
- How to make sense of 3D representations for plant phenotyping: a compendium of processing and analysis techniques.Plant methods · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The development of crops with deeper roots holds substantial promise to mitigate the consequences of climate change. Deeper roots are an essential factor to improve water uptake as a way to enhance crop resilience to drought, to increase nitrogen capture, to reduce fertilizer inputs, and to increase carbon sequestration from the atmosphere to improve soil organic fertility. A major bottleneck to achieving these improvements is high-throughput phenotyping to quantify root phenotypes of field-grown roots. We address this bottleneck with Digital Imaging of Root Traits (DIRT)/3D, an image-based 3D root phenotyping platform, which measures 18 architecture traits from mature field-grown maize (Zea mays) root crowns (RCs) excavated with the Shovelomics technique. DIRT/3D reliably computed all 18 traits, including distance between whorls and the number, angles, and diameters of nodal roots, on a test panel of 12 contrasting maize genotypes. The computed results were validated through comparison with manual measurements. Overall, we observed a coefficient of determination of r2>0.84 and a high broad-sense heritability of Hmean2> 0.6 for all but one trait. The average values of the 18 traits and a developed descriptor to characterize complete root architecture distinguished all genotypes. DIRT/3D is a step toward automated quantification of highly occluded maize RCs. Therefore, DIRT/3D supports breeders and root biologists in improving carbon sequestration and food security in the face of the adverse effects of climate change.
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