ArticleApplied health economics and health policy2021
COVID-19 Vaccine Demand and Financial Incentives.
Article in Applied health economics and health policy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of the willingness-to-accept and willingness-to-pay disparities in empirical studies in the healthcare field.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Incentivizing Immunity: Black and Latinx Individuals' Attitudes About COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Economic Incentives for COVID-19 Vaccination Among Employees of a Safety-Net Health System and Medical Center in Southern California: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Hepatitis E Vaccination Preferences and Willingness-to-Pay Among Residents: A Discrete Choice Experiment Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Analysis of public opinion polls about COVID-19 vaccines: Theoretical and policy implications for vaccine communication and campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Surname order and revaccination intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Direct Support Professionals and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparison of Vaccinated Early Adopters and In-Betweeners.Intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2023Article
- Children, vaccines, and financial incentives.International journal of health economics and management · 2023Article
- Jumping the Queue:Willingness to Pay for Faster Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in Seven European Countries.PharmacoEconomics · 2023Article
- Unravelling COVID-19 vaccination attributes worldwide: an extensive review regarding uptake, hesitancy, and future implication.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Direct Support Professionals and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparison of Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Direct Support Professionals.Intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2023Article
- Incentivizing COVID-19 vaccination among racial/ethnic minority adults in the United States: $209 per dose could convince the hesitant.Health economics review · 2023Article
- Estimation of Total Cost Required in Controlling COVID-19 Outbreaks by Financial Incentives.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The impact of financial incentives on COVID-19 vaccination intention among a sample of U.S. adults.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- COVID-19 booster uptake among US adults: Assessing the impact of vaccine attributes, incentives, and context in a choice-based experiment.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- Article
- Application of bioreactor technology for cell culture-based viral vaccine production: Present status and future prospects.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Payments ≥$US500 would incentivise 50% of US people uncertain about COVID-19 vaccination.PharmacoEconomics & outcomes news · 2021Article
- Reducing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy From a Decisional Conflict Model: A Cross-Sectional Study.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPublic health experts estimate that only very high COVID-19 vaccine uptake levels can result in herd immunity.
objectiveThis study's main objective was to evaluate the impact of vaccine price levels, including payments, and the efficacy levels on COVID-19 vaccine demand.
methodsData for this study were collected from an online survey of 2000 US individuals aged 18 years and older, which included a set of contingent valuation questions. Parametric and nonparametric procedures were used to estimate the distribution of willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept values for the vaccine and to assess its association with vaccine efficacy levels (50, 70, and 95%).
resultsMost of the individuals (60%) indicated they were willing to pay a positive amount for the vaccine; 13.7% said they would only accept the vaccine if it were free; 14.1% were willing to take the vaccine only if they were paid; and 12.2% were not willing to accept the vaccine. The vaccine efficacy level was found to affect an individual's demand for the vaccine. Estimated mean willingness-to-pay values were: US$594, US$706, and US$723 for vaccines with efficacy levels of 50, 70, and 95%, respectively.
conclusionsUS individuals highly value the COVID-19 vaccine, and about 88% of the US population would accept the vaccination; however, 14% indicated they would get vaccinated if compensated. Payments of about US$500 or more would be needed to sufficiently incentivize 50% or more of this group vaccinated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.