ArticleMolecular medicine reports2021
Astaxanthin induces NADPH oxidase activation and receptor‑interacting protein kinase 1‑mediated necroptosis in gastric cancer AGS cells.
Article in Molecular medicine reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- NADPH oxidases in immunometabolism and disease pathology: mechanistic networks, pollutant triggers, and therapeutic frontiers.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Plant-Derived Diterpenoids as Potential Chemotherapeutics for Gastric Cancer.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Exploring the Multifunctional Benefits of Astaxanthin in Aging, Oxidative Stress, Immune Dysfunction, Gut and Skin Health.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- miR-3921 functions as a tumor suppressor and negatively regulates RIPK1 in gastric cancer.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Enhancing Escin's Therapeutic Efficacy: A Nanoformulation Approach for Improved Stability and Anticancer Potential.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- MitoQ Protects Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Dysregulation in Human Cardiomyocytes.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2025Article
- Production Methods, Biological Activity and Potential Application Prospects of Astaxanthin.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of Post-Translational Modifications in Necroptosis.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Carotenoids Modulate FoxO-Induced Cell Cycle Awrrest in Human Cancer Cell Lines: A Scoping Review.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Astaxanthin in cancer therapy and prevention (Review).Biomedical reports · 2025Review
- Astaxanthin is a Novel Candidate for Glioblastoma Treatment? A Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Antibiofilm and Anticancer Activity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Fabricated with Hot-Melt Extruded Astaxanthin-Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Astaxanthin as an Anticancer Agent against Breast Cancer: AnCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- The Antitumour Mechanisms of Carotenoids: A Comprehensive Review.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Astaxanthin suppresses the malignant behaviors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by blocking PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways via miR-29a-3p.Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2024Article
- Lysicamine Reduces Protein Kinase B (AKT) Activation and Promotes Necrosis in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Ferroptosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis in Gastrointestinal Cancers: The Chief Culprits of Tumor Progression and Drug Resistance.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Involvement of necroptosis in the selective toxicity of the natural compound (±) gossypol on squamous skin cancer cells in vitro.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
- Astaxanthin inhibits integrin α5 expression by suppressing activation of JAK1/STAT3 in Helicobacter pylori‑stimulated gastric epithelial cells.Molecular medicine reports · 2023Article
- Discovery of New 2-Phenylamino-3-acyl-1,4-naphthoquinones as Inhibitors of Cancer Cells Proliferation: Searching for Intra-Cellular Targets Playing a Role in Cancer Cells Survival.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX), a red‑colored xanthophyll carotenoid, functions as an antioxidant or pro‑oxidant. ASX displays anticancer effects by reducing or increasing oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote cancer cell death by necroptosis mediated by receptor‑interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3. NADPH oxidase is a major source of ROS that may promote necroptosis in some cancer cells. The present study aimed to investigate whether ASX induces necroptosis by increasing NADPH oxidase activity and ROS levels in gastric cancer AGS cells. AGS cells were treated with ASX with or without ML171 (NADPH oxidase 1 specific inhibitor), N‑acetyl cysteine (NAC; antioxidant), z‑VAD (pan‑caspase inhibitor) or Necrostatin‑1 (Nec‑1; a specific inhibitor of RIP1). As a result, ASX increased NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels and cell death, and these effects were suppressed by ML171 and NAC. Furthermore, ASX induced RIP1 and RIP3 activation, ultimately inducing mixed lineage kinase domain‑like protein (MLKL) activation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and cell death. Moreover, the ASX‑induced decrease in cell viability was reversed by Nec‑1 treatment and RIP1 siRNA transfection, but not by z‑VAD. ASX did not increase the ratio of apoptotic Bax/anti‑apoptotic Bcl‑2, the number of Annexin V‑positive cells, or caspase‑9 activation, which are apoptosis indices. In conclusion, ASX induced necroptotic cell death by increasing NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels, LDH release and the number of propidium iodide‑positive cells, as well as activating necroptosis‑regulating proteins, RIP1/RIP3/MLKL, in gastric cancer AGS cells. The results of this study demonstrated the necroptotic effect of ASX on gastric cancer AGS cells, which required NADPH oxidase activation and RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling
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