ArticleNature medicine2021
Closed-loop neuromodulation in an individual with treatment-resistant depression.
Article in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 239 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Application of Personalized DBS Target Optimization for Treating Depression
Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Refractory Schizophrenia: Individualized Target Selection and Efficacy
Who cites it
239 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 485 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and translational case study.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN · 2026Pooled it
- Rethinking Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Precision Medicine Approaches.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Pooled it
- Human intracranial signal stability tracks anatomical accuracy after electrode reimplantation.Journal of neural engineering · 2026Trial
- Identifying treatment response classes to transcranial direct current stimulation from daily ecological momentary assessment patterns in patients with depression.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Reversible modulation of a deep white matter surgical target for depression with low-intensity focused ultrasound.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Prefrontal-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis physiological and neuropsychological biomarkers predict therapeutic outcomes in depression.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Chronic adaptive deep brain stimulation versus conventional stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a blinded randomized feasibility trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Interim Safety Profile From the Feasibility Study of the BrainGate Neural Interface System.Neurology · 2023Trial
- Depression in neurodegenerative disease: neurobiological mechanisms and emerging treatments.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Combined population and patient-specific brain networks predict electrical stimulation propagation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Intracranial recordings in humans reveal differential contributions of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex to approach-avoidance decision-making.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Closed-Loop Neuromodulation for Brain Fatigue: From Real-Time Biomarkers to Adaptive Intervention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Rapid rescue of despair behaviors by sonogenetic neuromodulation of the mPFC-DRN pathway.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) reduces cue reactivity and improves inhibitory control in methamphetamine use disorder with frequency and timing specificity.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Technical system of electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface: Advances, applications, and challenges.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Implant-Grade Neural Sensing with Artifact-Resilient Computational Intelligence Preserves Spatial Fidelity of HFO Biomarkers in Epilepsy.Research square · 2026Article
- Cross-species brain-wide mapping reveals convergent mesocorticolimbic engagement by nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- A guide to neuromodulation in drug-resistant epilepsy.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2026Review
- Advancing data protections for implantable brain-computer interfaces.Communications medicine · 2026Review
179 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation is a promising treatment for neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depression. It could be optimized by identifying neural biomarkers that trigger therapy selectively when symptom severity is elevated. We developed an approach that first used multi-day intracranial electrophysiology and focal electrical stimulation to identify a personalized symptom-specific biomarker and a treatment location where stimulation improved symptoms. We then implanted a chronic deep brain sensing and stimulation device and implemented a biomarker-driven closed-loop therapy in an individual with depression. Closed-loop therapy resulted in a rapid and sustained improvement in depression. Future work is required to determine if the results and approach of this n-of-1 study generalize to a broader population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.