ArticleEuropean journal of pharmacology2021
Sex-related susceptibility in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Proposed mechanisms.
Article in European journal of pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Why gender and sex matter in infectious disease modelling: A conceptual framework.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Analysis of Nursing Home Residents' T-Cell Responses After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinations Shows Influence of Biological Sex and Infection History.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- NEURO-COVAX: An Italian Population-Based Study of Neurological Complications after COVID-19 Vaccinations.Vaccines · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccines adverse events: potential molecular mechanisms.Immunologic research · 2023Review
- Sex and diet, but not exercise, alter cardiovascular ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA levels in aortic banded swine.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Article
- Aging and the COVID-19 pandemic: The inter-related roles of biology, physical wellbeing, social norms and global health systems.Maturitas · 2023Review
- Characterization of Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Absence of Comorbidities Regarding the Sex: An Epidemiological Study of the First Year of the Pandemic in Brazil.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Estimation of Excess All-Cause Mortality Due to COVID-19 in Thailand.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The importance of sex differences is increasingly acknowledged in the incidence and treatment of disease. Accumulating clinical evidence demonstrates that sex differences are noticeable in COVID-19, and the prevalence, severity, and mortality rate of COVID-19 are higher among males than females. Sex-related genetic and hormonal factors and immunological responses may underlie the sex bias in COVID-19 patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2) are essential proteins involved in the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Since ACE2 is encoded on the X-chromosome, a double copy of ACE2 in females may compensate for virus-mediated downregulation of ACE2, and thus ACE2-mediated cellular protection is greater in females. The X chromosome also contains the largest immune-related genes leading females to develop more robust immune responses than males. Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7), one of the key players in innate immunity, is linked to sex differences in autoimmunity and vaccine efficacy, and its expression is greater in females. Sex steroids also affect immune cell function. Estrogen contributes to higher CD4
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.