ArticleBMJ open ophthalmology2021
Economic burden and loss of quality of life from dry eye disease in Canada.
Article in BMJ open ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled prevalence of symptomatic dry eye and its associated factors among adults in Africa: (2016-2025) systematic review and meta-analysis study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of asymptomatic meibomian gland dysfunction in the general adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Social Determinants of Dry Eye in the United States: A Systematic Review.American journal of ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Current uses of artificial intelligence in the analysis of biofluid markers involved in corneal and ocular surface diseases: a systematic review.Eye (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Recombinant human nerve growth factor (cenegermin) for moderate-to-severe dry eye: phase II, randomized, vehicle-controlled, dose-ranging trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of phase 3 clinical trial outcomes of OC-01 (varenicline solution) nasal spray and lifitegrast 5% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of dry eye disease.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2023Trial
- Improvement in Visual-Tasking Daily Living Activities and Work Productivity in Patients with Dry Eye Disease: Integrated Analysis of COMET Studies.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of acoltremon ophthalmic solution 0.003% and cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion for increased tear production in patients with dry eye disease.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Article
- The relationship between problematic smartphone use and dry eye disease symptom severity among Qatar University students: A cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Bridging Therapeutics and Nanotechnology in Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Risk Factors, Drug Delivery Barriers, and Recent and Future Endeavors for Disease Management.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Inhibition of SGK1 Alleviates Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Dry Eye Disease by Activating FoxO3a-Mediated Autophagy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- A dual-function rebamipide cubogel for enhanced ocular penetration and tear film restoration: optimization, safety, and in-vivo evaluation.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Management of Dry Eye Disease with Artificial Tears Containing Hyaluronic Acid and Trehalose: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Association between average screen time and dry eye disease: a secondary analysis of publicly available cross-sectional data.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Short-Term Changes in Tear Film Stability and Tear Volume Following the Application of Various DED Management Options in a Healthy Young Population.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Useul for Dry Eye Disease: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel, Phase 2 Clinical Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The economic burden of diagnostic uncertainty on rare disease patients.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Utilising Narrative Medicine to Identify Key Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Dry Eye Disease: An Italian Multicentre Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Relationship between dry eye disease and myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo describe the direct and indirect cost estimates of dry eye disease (DED), stratified by disease severity, and the impact of DED on quality of life (QoL) in Canadian patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective, multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at six sites across Canada. Eligible patients completed a 20 min survey on demography, general health, disease severity, QoL and direct (resource utilisation and out-of-pocket expenses for the past 3-24 months) and indirect costs (absenteeism and presenteeism based on Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire responses). Subgroup analyses were performed according to DED severity and presence of Sjögren's syndrome.
resultsResponses from 146 of 151 participants were included in the analysis. DED was rated as moderate or severe by 19.2% and 69.2% of patients, respectively. Total mean annual costs of DED were $C24 331 (Canadian dollars) per patient and increased with patient-reported disease severity. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) indirect costs for mild, moderate and severe disease were $C5961 ($C6275), $C16 525 ($C11 607), and $C25 485 ($C22,879), respectively. Mean (SD) direct costs were $C958 ($C1216), $C1303 ($C1574) and $C2766 ($C7161), respectively. QoL scores were lowest in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (8.2% of cohort) and those with severe DED.
conclusionThis study provides important insights into the negative impact of DED in a Canadian setting. Severe DED was associated with higher direct and indirect costs and lower QoL compared with those with mild or moderate disease. Increased costs and poorer QoL were also evident for patients with DED plus Sjögren's syndrome versus DED alone.
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