ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2021
Gestational Hormone Concentrations Are Associated With Timing of Delivery in a Fetal Sex-Dependent Manner.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes and cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2024Pooled it
- Periconceptional biomarkers for maternal obesity: a systematic review.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Maternal amino acid metabolites during pregnancy and preterm birth: results from two prospective cohort studies.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Biological sex impacts immune cell proportions and epigenetic profiles in the developing pediatric immune system.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Maternal organophosphate esters and sex steroid hormones in mid-pregnancy.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Associations among PMEnvironmental research communications · 2025Article
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and their association with oxidative stress among pregnant women in Los Angeles.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and their association with oxidative stress among pregnant women in Los Angeles.Research square · 2024Article
- Associations of urinary non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers with early-to-mid pregnancy plasma sex-steroid and thyroid hormones.Environment international · 2024Article
- Sickle cell anemia and pregnancy: Profile of hemodynamic changes in sickle cell pregnant women in Kinshasa.EJHaem · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance and Inflammation via Gonadal Steroid Hormones in Preterm Birth.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2023Article
- Prenatal Cadmium Exposure and Maternal Sex Steroid Hormone Concentrations across Pregnancy.Toxics · 2023Article
- Increased risk of preterm delivery with high cortisol during pregnancy is modified by fetal sex: a cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Birth, love, and fear: Physiological networks from pregnancy to parenthood.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Early delivery remains a significant public health problem that has long-lasting impacts on mother and child. Understanding biological mechanisms underlying timing of labor, including endocrine disruption, can inform prevention efforts. Methods: Gestational hormones were measured among 976 women in PROTECT, a longitudinal birth cohort in Puerto Rico. We evaluated associations between hormone concentrations at 18 and 26 weeks gestation and gestational age at birth, while assessing effect modification by fetal sex. Exploratory analyses assessed binary outcomes of overall preterm birth (PTB, <37 weeks gestation) and the spontaneous PTB subtype, defined as preterm premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous preterm labor, or both. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were fit using visit-specific hormone concentrations, and fetal sex-specific effects were estimated using interaction terms. Main outcome models were adjusted for maternal age, education, marital status, alcohol consumption, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Exploratory models adjusted for maternal age and education. Results: We observed reduced gestational age at birth with higher circulating CRH (β: -2.73 days, 95% CI: -4.97, -0.42), progesterone (β: -4.90 days, 95% CI: -7.07, -2.73), and fT4 concentrations (β: -2.73 days, 95% CI: -4.76, -0.70) at 18 weeks specifically among male fetuses. Greater odds of overall and spontaneous PTB were observed among males with higher CRH, estriol, progesterone, total triiodothyronine (T3), and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations. Greater odds of PTB among females was observed with higher testosterone concentrations. Conclusions: Various associations between hormones and timing of delivery were modified by fetal sex and timing of hormone measurement. Future studies are needed to understand differential mechanisms involved with timing of labor between fetal sexes.
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