ReviewFrontiers in aging neuroscience2021
Innate Immune System Activation and Neuroinflammation in Down Syndrome and Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Targets or Partners?
Review in Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association analyses identify candidate loci for amyloid imaging and plasma biomarkers in adults with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Human Stem Cell-Derived Models of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimmune System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Interplay between DYRK1A dosage and aneuploidy-induced neuropathology in Down syndrome.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Searching for New Possible Peripheral Biomarkers of Cognitive Decline in Down Syndrome: The Role of IL-18 Pathway and its Interaction with TGF-β1 and TNF-α.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Observational
- Blood measure of neuronal death is exponentially higher with age, especially in females, and halted in Alzheimer's disease by GM-CSF treatment.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease, common pathways in down syndrome.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Pro-Inflammatory Protein PSCA Is Upregulated in Neurological Diseases and Targets β2-Subunit-Containing nAChRs.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Cancer prevalence and care disparities among individuals with intellectual disabilities: a cross-sectional pan-cancer analysis.ESMO real world data and digital oncology · 2025Article
- Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animal Models for the Study of Down Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Disrupted Neurogenesis from Basal Intermediate Precursor Cells Alters the Postnatal Neocortex in the TcMAC21 Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Development of a brain-penetrant G9a methylase inhibitor to target Alzheimer's disease-associated proteopathology.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Risk of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: Insights gained by multi-omics.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Reversing intellectual disabilities in Down syndrome: Hopes or hypes?The Indian journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Exploring peripheral fluid biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A literature review.Heliyon · 2025Review
- Blood biomarkers in Down syndrome: Facilitating Alzheimer's disease detection and monitoring.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- On the Therapeutic Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Amyloid Plaques in Older Adults with Down Syndrome: A Narrative Review and Perspective.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Diet and physical activity modification: impact on adaptive behavior and biochemical measures of children with Down syndrome.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2024Article
- Low TGF-β1 plasma levels are associated with cognitive decline in Down syndrome.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Possible genetic cross-talk between Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea revealed by transcriptomic analysis.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Innate immune system activation and inflammation are associated with and may contribute to clinical outcomes in people with Down syndrome (DS), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and normal aging. In addition to serving as potential diagnostic biomarkers, innate immune system activation and inflammation may play a contributing or causal role in these conditions, leading to the hypothesis that effective therapies should seek to dampen their effects. However, recent intervention studies with the innate immune system activator granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in animal models of DS, AD, and normal aging, and in an AD clinical trial suggest that activating the innate immune system and inflammation may instead be therapeutic. We consider evidence that DS, AD, and normal aging are accompanied by innate immune system activation and inflammation and discuss whether and when during the disease process it may be therapeutically beneficial to suppress or promote such activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.