ArticleBiological psychiatry2021
Maternal Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis and symptoms in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Steroid hormone pathways, vitamin D and autism: a systematic review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Pooled it
- Maternal Vitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Offspring Psychiatric Outcomes: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6-8 years - a randomized clinical trial.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Trial
- High-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation During Pregnancy and Test-Based Cognitive Performance at Age 10 Years: A Post Hoc Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Sterol pathway disruption in pregnancy: a link to autism.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Vitamin D and Vitamin BDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Maternal consumption of urbanized diet compromises early-life health in association with gut microbiota.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- The Long and Winding Road to Understanding Autism.NeuroSci · 2025Review
- Effects of vitamin D on brain function in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder: a resting-state functional MRI study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Global and Regional Trends in Autism Burden from 1990 to 2021: A Data Re-Analysis and Prediction from the Global Burden of Disease Study.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- Nutritional management and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2024Article
- Assessing Chemical Intolerance in Parents Predicts the Risk of Autism and ADHD in Their Children.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- The Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Possible Origins in Pregnancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- The influence of multivitamins on neurological and growth disorders: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Vitamin D levels of pregnant immigrant women and developmental disorders of language, learning and coordination in offspring.PloS one · 2024Article
- Environmental Influences on Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders with Special Emphasis on Seasonality: An Overview.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy and perinatal and long-term outcomes.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
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9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFindings from previous studies on maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring are inconsistent.
methodsThe association between maternal 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy and offspring ASD was examined using data from a nationwide population-based register with a nested case-control study design. The ASD cases (n = 1558) were born between 1987 and 2004 and received a diagnosis of ASD by 2015; cases were matched with an equal number of controls. Maternal 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy were measured using quantitative immunoassay from maternal sera collected during the first and early second trimesters and archived in the national biobank of the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Conditional logistic regression examined the association between maternal 25(OH)D levels and offspring ASD.
resultsIn the adjusted model, there was a significant association between increasing log-transformed maternal 25(OH)D levels and decreasing risk of offspring ASD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-0.92, p = .005). Analyses by quintiles of maternal 25(OH)D levels revealed increased odds for ASD in the 2 lowest quintiles, <20 (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03-1.79, p = .02) and 20-39 (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.01-1.70, p = .04), compared with the highest quintile. The increased risk of ASD was observed in association with deficient (<30 nmol/L) (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.15-1.81, p = .001) and insufficient (30-49.9 nmol/L) maternal 25(OH)D levels (aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.52, p = .01) compared with sufficient levels.
conclusionsThis finding has implications for understanding the role of maternal vitamin D during fetal brain development and increased risk of ASD.
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