Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34602122›Full record

ArticleEuropean psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists2021

Sex and age differences in ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: An analysis of four general population samples.

Grainne McGinty, Robert Fox, Menachem Ben-Ezra, Marylène Cloitre, Thanos Karatzias, Mark Shevlin, Philip Hyland

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03429166 (Connecting Women to Care), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03429166 nacompletednot on this map

Connecting Women to Care: Home-based Psychotherapy for Women With MST Living in Rural Areas

TypeinterventionalSponsorVA Office of Research and DevelopmentRan2018 to 2022Enrolled204ConditionsPTSDArmsSkills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation, Present Centered Therapy
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  3. A whole-brain voxel-based analysis of structural abnormalities in PTSD: An ENIGMA-PGC study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025
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  20. Differential Life Satisfaction in a German Representative Sample.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Grainne McGintyDepartment of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0003-2871-5529
Robert FoxSchool of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-0950-3865
Menachem Ben-EzraSchool of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.ORCID 0000-0002-7890-2069
Marylène CloitreNational Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8029-1570
Thanos KaratziasSchool of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Mark ShevlinSchool of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, Northern Ireland.
Philip HylandDepartment of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is traditionally understood as a disorder that occurs more commonly in women than in men, and in younger age groups than in older age groups. The objective of this study was to determine if these patterns are also observed in relation to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD).

methodsSecondary data analysis was performed using data collected from three nationally representative samples from the Republic of Ireland (N = 1,020), the United States (N = 1,839), and Israel (N = 1,003), and one community sample from the United Kingdom (N = 1,051).

resultsEstimated prevalence rates of ICD-11 PTSD were higher in women than in men in each sample, and at a level consistent with existing data derived from Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-based models of PTSD. Furthermore, rates of ICD-11 PTSD were generally lower in older age groups for men and women. For CPTSD, there was inconsistent evidence of sex and age differences, and some indication of a possible interaction between these two demographic variables.

conclusionsDespite considerable revisions to PTSD in ICD-11, the same sex and age profile was observed to previous DSM-based models of PTSD. CPTSD, however, does not appear to show the same sex and age differences as PTSD. Theoretical models that seek to explain sex and age differences in trauma-related psychopathology may need to be reconsidered given the distinct effects for ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD.

Indexed as

International Classification of DiseasesStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAgedFemaleHumansIsraelMalePrevalenceUnited KingdomAgecomplex PTSDICD-11PTSDsex

Identifiers

PMID34602122
PMCPMC8581703

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.