Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34601490›Full record

ArticleNutrition & diabetes2021

Prediction of insulin treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Makarios Eleftheriades, Christos Chatzakis, Eftychia Papachatzopoulou, Vassilis Papadopoulos, Irene Lambrinoudaki, Konstantinos Dinas, George Chrousos, Alexandros Sotiriadis

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrition & diabetes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.1field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Prediction Models for Maternal and Offspring Short- and Long-Term Outcomes Following Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Observational
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. The use of machine learning to predict pharmacological therapy in gestational diabetes: A scoping review.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026
    Review
  6. Rate and Characteristics of Metformin Use in Gestational Diabetes.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2026
    Article
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Artificial Intelligence in Gestational Diabetes Care: A Systematic Review.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Observational
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Characterization of human placental fetal vessels in gestational diabetes mellitus.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Social Vulnerability and Initiation of Pharmacotherapy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Medicaid Population.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Makarios Eleftheriades2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece. makarios@hotmail.co.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-4967-2505
Christos Chatzakis2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-5895-6887
Eftychia Papachatzopoulou2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
Vassilis PapadopoulosUniversity of Patras Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Patras, Greece.
Irene Lambrinoudaki2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
Konstantinos Dinas2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
George ChrousosUniversity Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
Alexandros Sotiriadis2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens · GRAristotle University of Thessaloniki · GRUniversity of Patras · GR

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe identification of pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) who will require insulin therapy, may modify their management to closer monitoring and probable early interventions. The aim of the study was to develop a predictive model for the necessity of insulin treatment in women with GDM. MATERIALS AND

methodsThis was a prospective cohort study. Data from 775 women diagnosed with GDM per the IADPSG criteria were analyzed using logistic regression and a machine learning algorithm, the Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Potential predictors routinely recorded at follow-up visits were tested and used for the development of the model. The resultant model was externally validated using the data from two different perinatology clinics.

resultsPreconceptional maternal BMI and morning fasting blood glucose levels at baseline and at 1 h during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) were independent significant predictors for the treatment modality of GDM. Baseline blood glucose greater than 98 mg/dl and preconceptional maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) between 26 and 31 kg/height

conclusionsA simple model based on maternal characteristics and the values of an OGTT can predict the need for insulin treatment with accuracy. Overweight women with an abnormal baseline blood glucose at OGTT are at high likelihood for insulin treatment. KEY MESSAGE: Fifteen to 30% of women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) require insulin therapy. Overweight women with baseline blood glucose greater than 98 mg/dl at OGTT are at increased risk for insulin treatment and close monitoring and increased physical exercise are required.

Indexed as

AdultAlgorithmsBlood GlucoseBody Mass IndexDiabetes, GestationalFemaleGlucose Tolerance TestHumansInsulinLogistic ModelsModels, StatisticalOdds RatioPregnancyProspective StudiesUltrasonography, PrenatalBlood GlucoseInsulin

Identifiers

PMID34601490
PMCPMC8487424
OpenAlexW3203744174

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.