ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2021
Non-fatal stimulant overdose among homeless and unstably housed women in San Francisco, California.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Crack-cocaine use practices, harms and respiratory problems: an analysis of gender differences using data from a cross-sectional survey in England.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Benzodiazepines and Opioid co-use Among Rural People Who Use Drugs: Findings From the Rural Opioid Initiative.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Article
- Increased risk of non-fatal overdose associated with broad adverse childhood experiences among people who use drugs in New York City: a latent class analysis.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Evaluation of methamphetamine assist packs: As-needed antipsychotics for self-management of methamphetamine-associated psychiatric toxicity.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Housing Instability Associated with Return to Stimulant Use among Previously Abstaining Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Daily opioid and stimulant co-use and nonfatal overdoses in the context of social disadvantage: Findings on marginalized populations.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Primary care management of Long-Term opioid therapy.Annals of medicine · 2022Review
- A Chronic Condition Disguised as an Acute Event: the Case for Re-thinking Stimulant Overdose Death.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUS rates of overdose deaths involving stimulants (e.g., cocaine or methamphetamine) have increased, but little is known about non-fatal stimulant overdoses, particularly among vulnerable populations. We characterized rates of non-fatal stimulant overdose identified outside of health care settings among women at high risk.
methodsHomeless and unstably housed women in San Francisco, California using stimulants were administered questionnaires on drug use and outcomes (stimulant overdose, health care utilization) monthly for six months. Based on pilot interviews, stimulant overdose during follow-up was defined as acute toxicity from stimulant use ("over-amping") resulting in "feeling sick, really scared, or like one's life may be in danger". Poisson regression estimated unadjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing participant characteristics.
resultsWe included 160 women (41% Black, 26% White, 15% Latina, median age 54 years) using crack cocaine (81%), methamphetamine (48%), and powdered cocaine (36%). Participants reported 67 non-fatal stimulant overdoses over 685 person-months of observation, a rate of 117.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI 85.8-160.5). Rates were higher among participants who were Latina vs. White (IRR 4.18 [1.60-10.94]), used methamphetamine (IRR 1.80 [0.96-3.38]), or used any stimulant daily/almost daily (IRR 2.63 [1.41-4.91]). Among women reporting stimulant overdose, 4% received emergency and 3% inpatient care for overdose of any drug.
conclusionsWomen in this setting, particularly those who used stimulants frequently or used methamphetamine, experienced high non-fatal stimulant overdose and rarely received health care for these events. Efforts should be made to increase awareness and reduce harms of stimulant toxicity in vulnerable populations.
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