Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34599770›Full record

ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2021

Physical Disruption of Solid Tumors by Immunostimulatory Microrobots Enhances Antitumor Immunity.

Jiarong Zhou, Emil Karshalev, Rodolfo Mundaca-Uribe, Berta Esteban-Fernández de Ávila, Nishta Krishnan, Crystal Xiao, Christian J Ventura, Hua Gong, Qiangzhe Zhang, Weiwei Gao and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Potentiating Cancer Vaccines: Progress and Prospects.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  3. Real-Time Digital Micromotor Tracking-Enabled Ultrasensitive Immunoassay.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Microrobotic Swarms for Cancer Therapy.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Bacterial outer membrane vesicle nanorobot.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jiarong ZhouDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Emil KarshalevDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Rodolfo Mundaca-UribeDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Berta Esteban-Fernández de ÁvilaDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Nishta KrishnanDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Crystal XiaoDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Christian J VenturaDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Hua GongDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Qiangzhe ZhangDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Weiwei GaoDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Ronnie H FangDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Joseph WangDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Liangfang ZhangDepartment of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-0654

Funding

Tumor-Targeted Chemo-Immunotherapy for Osteosarcoma MetastasisR01CA200574 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI LI, SHULIN, ZHANG, LIANGFANG · 2016 to 2020
$1.8M
Defense Threat Reduction Agency HDTRA1-18-1-0014NCI NIH HHS R01 CA200574NIH HHS R01CA200574
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The combination of immunotherapy with other forms of treatment is an emerging strategy for boosting antitumor responses. By combining multiple modes of action, these combinatorial therapies can improve clinical outcomes through unique synergisms. Here, a microrobot-based strategy that integrates tumor tissue disruption with biological stimulation is shown for cancer immunotherapy. The microrobot is fabricated by loading bacterial outer membrane vesicles onto a self-propelling micromotor, which can react with water to generate a propulsion force. When administered intratumorally to a solid tumor, the disruption of the local tumor tissue coupled with the delivery of an immunostimulatory payload leads to complete tumor regression. Additionally, treatment of the primary tumor results in the simultaneous education of the host immune system, enabling it to control the growth of distant tumors. Overall, this work introduces a distinct application of microrobots in cancer immunotherapy and offers an attractive strategy for amplifying cancer treatment efficacy when combined with conventional therapies.

Indexed as

ImmunotherapyNeoplasmsHumansImmunitycancer immunotherapyimmunostimulatory microrobotsin situ vaccinationphysical destruction

Identifiers

PMID34599770
PMCPMC8975929

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.