ReviewJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2021
The Role of Plasma Exchange in the Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Neurological Diseases: a Narrative Review.
Review in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severe Abdominal Pain as a Prominent Clinical Manifestation of Anti-DPPX Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Systematic Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Pooled it
- Patterns of autoantibody expression in multiple sclerosis identified through development of an autoantigen discovery technology.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nipocalimab, a Neonatal Fc Receptor Blocker, in Healthy Japanese Volunteers.Clinical drug investigation · 2024Trial
- Early rituximab and structured rehabilitation drive rapid functional restoration in steroid- and PLEX-refractory NMOSD: a case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Adjunctive Mediterranean Diet in a Middle-Aged Male With Autoimmune Encephalitis and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: A Longitudinal Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Comparative Effectiveness of Disease-Modifying Treatments in Double Seronegative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Modulation of Cytokines and Immune Cells by Plasma Exchange in Patients With Certain Autoimmune Neurological Diseases.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- A Perplexing Plexopathy After Pembrolizumab Therapy in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Case Report: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder associated with anti-argonaute antibodies presenting with subacute combined degeneration-like features.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Clinical efficacy and immunomodulation of double-filtration plasmapheresis in autoimmune encephalitis: A prospective study highlighting the importance of timely initiation.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Corticosteroid-Refractory Multiple Sclerosis Relapses: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Integration into Clinical Practice.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Outcomes After Acute Plasma Exchange for Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease.Neurology · 2025Article
- Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Therapeutic Approaches.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Review
- Current anti-inflammatory strategies for treatment of heart failure: From innate to adaptive immunity.Pharmacological research · 2025Review
- High-Dose Steroids, Treatment Escalation, and Healthcare Burden in Myasthenia Gravis: A US Claims-Based Cohort Study.Neurology and therapy · 2025Article
- A unifying model for multiple sclerosis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- Toward curing neurological autoimmune disorders: Biomarkers, immunological mechanisms, and therapeutic targets.Neuron · 2025Review
- Therapeutic plasma exchange in autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Mexico.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Efgartigimod following plasma exchange in the treatment of subjects with generalised myasthenia gravis: study protocol for a multicentre, three-arm, open-label study.BMJ neurology open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune neurological disorders are commonly treated with immunosuppressive therapy. In patients with refractory conditions, standard immunosuppression is often insufficient for complete recovery or to prevent relapses. These patients rely on other treatments to manage their disease. While treatment of refractory cases differs between diseases, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange (PLEX), and immune-modulating treatments are commonly used. In this review, we focus on five autoimmune neurological disorders that were the themes of the 2018 Midlands Neurological Society meeting on PLEX in refractory neurology: Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorders (NMOSD), Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and Myasthenia Gravis (MG). The diagnosis of inflammatory neuropathies is often challenging, and while PLEX can be very effective in refractory autoimmune diseases, its ineffectiveness can be confounded by misdiagnosis. One example is POEMS syndrome (characterized by Polyneuropathy Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Myeloma protein, Skin changes), which is often wrongly diagnosed as CIDP; and while CIDP responds well to PLEX, POEMS does not. Accurate diagnosis is therefore essential. Success rates can also differ within 'one' disease: e.g. response rates to PLEX are considerably higher in refractory relapsing remitting MS compared to primary or secondary progressive MS. When sufficient efforts are made to correctly pinpoint the diagnosis along with the type and subtype of refractory autoimmune disease, PLEX and other immunotherapies can play a valuable role in the patient management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.