ReviewJournal of neuro-oncology2021
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in GBM.
Review in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell Membrane-Modified Lipid Nanoparticle Enhanced Glioblastoma Immunotherapy via Metabolism Reprogramming and Pyroptosis Induction.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Platelet-to-Albumin Ratio and Clinical Outcomes in IDH-Wildtype Grade 4 Diffuse Glioma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pembrolizumab, Temozolomide and HSPPC-96 Vaccine in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Post-Chemoradiation: Results from a Multi-institutional, Phase 2, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Dual-Function Lipid-Based Nanovector Strategy for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: STING Activation and M1 Microglia Polarization.Drug development research · 2026Review
- Antibody therapies in glioblastoma: Overcoming micro-environmental barriers.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting EGFR and PI3K/mTOR pathways in glioblastoma: innovative therapeutic approaches.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors for glioblastoma: emerging science, clinical advances, and future directions.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Novel Clinical Trials and Approaches in the Management of Glioblastoma.Current oncology reports · 2024Review
- Immune Checkpoint-Blocking Nanocages Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier and Impede Brain Tumor Growth.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2024Article
- Deciphering glycosylation-driven prognostic insights and therapeutic prospects in glioblastoma through a comprehensive regulatory model.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Tumor Niches: Perspectives for Targeted Therapies in Glioblastoma.Antioxidants & redox signaling · 2023Review
- Bispecific T-Cell Engagers and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies in Glioblastoma: An Update.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- FBP1 is a potential prognostic biomarker and correlated with tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma.Neurosurgical review · 2023Article
- Expert opinion on translational research for advanced glioblastoma treatment.Cancer biology & medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Review
- Effects of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles on the functions of immune cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- The Oncolytic Adenovirus XVir-N-31, in Combination with the Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis, Conveys Abscopal Effects in a Humanized Glioblastoma Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Review
- Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma Treatment.Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this review is to summarize recent updates regarding immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in GBM patients including updates in brain immunology, clinical trials, mechanisms of resistance, and biomarkers of response.
methodsPubMed was searched to identify recent relevant articles on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy as it pertains to GBM. Clinicaltrials.gov was also searched to identify relevant clinical trials.
resultsThe reported randomized phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors (alone or in combination with standard therapy) have not demonstrated a survival benefit to date in either newly diagnosed or recurrent GBM. A small randomized surgical study of neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembrolizumab suggested an increase in PFS and OS compared to adjuvant pembrolizumab only; further studies are needed to validate this finding.
conclusionsDespite the positive impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors in many cancers, only a small subset of GBM patients respond to these agents. Further research is needed to identify biomarkers of response and therapies to rationally combine with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.