ArticleTechniques in coloproctology2021
External sphincter-sparing anal fistulotomy (ESSAF): a simplified technique for the treatment of fistula-in-ano.
Article in Techniques in coloproctology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minimal invasiveAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Preliminary results of a novel sphincter-sparing technique-fistula occlusion with the internal sphincter flap (FOISF)-for high complex anal fistulas.Gastroenterology report · 2025Article
- Modified anal sphincter suspension improves anal function in patients with anal fistula.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Surgical treatment trends and outcomes for anal fistula: fistulotomy is still accurate and safe. Results from a nationwide observational study.Techniques in coloproctology · 2023Observational
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7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundFistula-in-ano due to cryptoglandular disease is a common condition. While a simple anal fistula can be treated successfully by a fistulotomy, the risk of potential damage to the anal sphincters and subsequent poor functional outcomes persist in a large portion of patients with complex fistulae. Several sphincter-preserving treatment procedures have been described for complex fistulae over the past 3 decades, with variable results and complication rates, and no procedure is proven to be superior to the others. We developed external sphincter-sparing anal fistulotomy (ESSAF), a reproducible simple modification of the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) technique for the treatment of complex fistula-in-ano.. The aim of the present study was to describe the technique and our outcomes.
methodsThis was a retrospective review of all patients who underwent ESSAF for a complex anal fistula at our institution from January 2014 to December 2019. The primary outcome measure of this study was the primary fistula healing rate. Secondary outcome measures included fecal and/or gas incontinence and postoperative complications. During the ESSAF procedure, the mucosa and skin overlying the fistula tract are incised to allow complete exposure of the sphincter complex. Then the internal sphincter muscle fibers overlying the tract are divided and the tract is meticulously curetted and debrided. Next, the internal opening of the tract traversing the external sphincter muscle is suture-ligated with absorbable sutures. Then, a minimal amount of mucosa is advanced and the incision is partially closed with absorbable sutures, while its external portion is left open for drainage.
resultsFifty-nine patients [43 males, median age was 50 years (range 36-63 years)] underwent ESSAF for complex anal fistula during the study period. Mean follow-up was 12 ± 14.7 months. Of the 59 patients, 42 (71.2%) experienced fistula closure, with a median healing time of 8 weeks (IQR 4-16 weeks). None of the patients developed significant anal incontinence following the procedure. One patient (1.7%) suffered from soiling and another patient (1.7%) developed postoperative bleeding. There were no infectious complications. Of the 17 patients (28.8%) who failed to heal successfully, 9 (15.2%) did not heal primarily and 8 (16%) experienced recurrence after complete healing. Thirteen (76%) of these patients underwent reoperation with complete recovery after ESSAF (n = 4), fistulotomy (n = 8) or endorectal advancement flap (ERAF) (n = 1). Overall ESSAF initiated recovery in 93.2% of the patients.
conclusionsESSAF is a feasible, safe, reproducible and effective sphincter-sparing procedure for the treatment of complex anal fistulae.
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