Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34599164›Full record

ArticleNature communications2021

Standardized preservation, extraction and quantification techniques for detection of fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

Aravind Natarajan, Alvin Han, Soumaya Zlitni, Erin F Brooks, Summer E Vance, Marlene Wolfe, Upinder Singh, Prasanna Jagannathan, Benjamin A Pinsky, Alexandria Boehm and 1 more

Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
2.7field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Comprehensive Review on Viral RNA Extraction Strategies for Enhanced Molecular Diagnostics.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Aravind Natarajan *Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2180-7842
Alvin Han *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-0866
Soumaya ZlitniDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Erin F BrooksDepartment of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5834-0679
Summer E VanceDepartment of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-4729
Marlene WolfeDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Upinder SinghDepartment of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Prasanna JagannathanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6305-758X
Benjamin A PinskyDepartment of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8751-4810
Alexandria BoehmDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8162-5090
Ami S BhattDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. asbhatt@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-2975
Stanford University · USStanford Blood Center · US

Funding

Culture-free pathogen tracking in hospitalized patientsR01AI143757 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BHATT, AMI SIDDHARTH · 2020 to 2023
$3.0M
Emerging novel mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the prevalent foodborne pathogen, SalmonellaR01AI148623 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BHATT, AMI SIDDHARTH · 2019 to 2023
$2.0M
National Science Foundation (NSF) GRFPNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI143757NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI148623U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AI143757U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AI148623
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patients with COVID-19 shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool, sometimes well after their respiratory infection has cleared. This may be significant for patient health, epidemiology, and diagnosis. However, methods to preserve stool, and to extract and quantify viral RNA are not standardized. We test the performance of three preservative approaches at yielding detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA: the OMNIgene-GUT kit, Zymo DNA/RNA shield kit, and the most commonly applied, storage without preservative. We test these in combination with three extraction kits: QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, Zymo Quick-RNA Viral Kit, and MagMAX Viral/Pathogen Kit. We also test the utility of ddPCR and RT-qPCR for the reliable quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from stool. We identify that the Zymo DNA/RNA preservative and the QiaAMP extraction kit yield more detectable RNA than the others, using both ddPCR and RT-qPCR. Taken together, we recommend a comprehensive methodology for preservation, extraction and detection of RNA from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in stool.

Indexed as

Coronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsCOVID-19COVID-19 Nucleic Acid TestingFecesHumansPhosphoproteinsPreservation, BiologicalReagent Kits, DiagnosticReference StandardsRNA, ViralSARS-CoV-2Specimen HandlingViral LoadCoronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteinsnucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2PhosphoproteinsReagent Kits, DiagnosticRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID34599164
PMCPMC8486790
OpenAlexW3203265067

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.