ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2021
Activation of GM-CSF and TLR2 signaling synergistically enhances antigen-specific antitumor immunity and modulates the tumor microenvironment.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonists via a Scaffold Hopping Strategy.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Electroacupuncture enhances anti-tumor immunity in TNBC by reducing NE release and blocking α2-AR-mediated NGF/Hippo signaling.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Histone lysine demethylases in breast cancer: molecular mechanisms, biological functions, and therapeutic intervention.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Novel oncolytic adenovirus-based PEPvIII vaccine displays a super antitumor effect in glioma models.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- T-cell responses against CD19-targeted CAR T cells varnimcabtagene autoleucel (ARI-0001): implications for immune response and therapy outcomes.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Armed with GM-CSF and IL-7 Enhances Antitumor Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Article
- A bispecific nanosystem activates endogenous natural killer cells in the bone marrow for haematologic malignancies therapy.Nature nanotechnology · 2024Article
- Immunotherapy Vaccines for Prostate Cancer Treatment.Cancer medicine · 2024Review
- A self-assembled, genetically engineered, irradiated tumor cell debris vaccine.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2024Article
- Stimulating the Antitumor Immune Response Using Immunocytokines: A Preclinical and Clinical Overview.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Golgi protein 73: the driver of inflammation in the immune and tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Boost of innate immunity cytokines as biomarkers of response to extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with leukaemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.The British journal of dermatology · 2023Article
- GM-CSF augmented the photothermal immunotherapeutic outcome of self-driving gold nanoparticles against a mouse CT-26 colon tumor model.Biomaterials research · 2023Article
- Chemopreventive Effect on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells of Styrylquinolines: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Proapoptotic Effect and Molecular Docking Analysis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Macrophages as a Therapeutic Target in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Way to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance?Cancers · 2022Review
- A Novel PD-L1-Containing MSLN Targeting Vaccine for Lung Cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe major challenge of antitumor immunotherapy is dealing with the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which involves immature myeloid cell accumulation that results in T cell dysfunction. Myeloid cell activation is induced by Toll-like receptor agonists. Additionally, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes myelopoiesis and recruits myeloid cells. Here, we combined the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist lipoprotein and GM-CSF to assess whether this bifunctional immunotherapy has synergistic effects on myeloid cells and could be further developed as a therapeutic intervention that enhances the antitumor response.
methodsWe investigated the synergistic effects of biadjuvanted tumor antigen on antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, therapeutic efficacy was monitored in different tumor models treated via intratumoral or subcutaneous administration routes. The immune effects of the bifunctional fusion protein on myeloid cells in the tumor mass and draining lymph nodes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes was evaluated via intracellular cytokine levels, perforin/granzyme B staining and an in vivo killing assay.
resultsThe TLR2 agonist lipoprotein combined with GM-CSF synergistically induced DC maturation, which subsequently enhanced antitumor immunity. In addition, rlipoE7m-MoGM modulated tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell populations. Vaccination with rlipoE7m-MoGM therapy increased the number of CCR7
conclusionsThe combination of a TLR2 agonist and GM-CSF has synergistic effects that inhibit tumor growth and modulate tumor-infiltrating APCs. This therapeutic approach could be applied to other tumor antigens to treat different cancers.
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