ReviewCellular & molecular immunology2021
The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation.
Review in Cellular & molecular immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 473 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
473 citing papers in PubMed, 609 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Article
- Severe infections, domain-specific cognitive vulnerability, and future infection risk in older adults.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Periodontal Status and the Risk of All-Cause Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia in a Community: The Hisayama Study.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Article
- The sleep-deprived blood-brain barrier: Does the Brain's gatekeeper adapt or merely fail slowly?Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2026Review
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Signaling in Learning and Memory: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and Psychiatric Symptoms: The Blood-Brain Barrier Hypothesis.Experimental dermatology · 2026Review
- Review
- ZBP1-mediated Treg cell dysfunction exacerbates neuroimmune dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease under metabolic stress.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation and epileptogenesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Pharmacological modulation of cGAS-STING-NLRP3 signaling by nano-immunomodulators in Alzheimer and Parkinson disease.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- The neuroimmune-glutamate hypothesis of addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- CRP-albumin-lymphocyte index and multisystem diseases: a phenome-wide Mendelian randomization study.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Baseline peripheral inflammatory profiles predict phenoconversion in prodromal Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Post-translational modifications in Neuroimmune cells during neuroinflammation: integrated regulatory networks and therapeutic opportunities.Biology direct · 2026Review
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Neuroimmune interactions: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Cytomegalovirus-induced T cell responses accelerate Alzheimer's disease progression in mice.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
413 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The vascular blood-brain barrier is a highly regulated interface between the blood and brain. Its primary function is to protect central neurons while signaling the presence of systemic inflammation and infection to the brain to enable a protective sickness behavior response. With increasing degrees and duration of systemic inflammation, the vascular blood-brain barrier becomes more permeable to solutes, undergoes an increase in lymphocyte trafficking, and is infiltrated by innate immune cells; endothelial cell damage may occasionally occur. Perturbation of neuronal function results in the clinical features of encephalopathy. Here, the molecular and cellular anatomy of the vascular blood-brain barrier is reviewed, first in a healthy context and second in a systemic inflammatory context. Distinct from the molecular and cellular mediators of the blood-brain barrier's response to inflammation, several moderators influence the direction and magnitude at genetic, system, cellular and molecular levels. These include sex, genetic background, age, pre-existing brain pathology, systemic comorbidity, and gut dysbiosis. Further progress is required to define and measure mediators and moderators of the blood-brain barrier's response to systemic inflammation in order to explain the heterogeneity observed in animal and human studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.