ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2021
TGF-β3 regulates adhesion formation through the JNK/c-Jun pathway during flexor tendon healing.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of postoperative complications in extensor tendon repairs.Turkish journal of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Highly bio-adapted hydrogels for tendon-bone interface regeneration: Natural healing inspiration, design strategies, and biomedical potential.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Tendon, Ligament, and Muscle Injury, Osteotendinous, Myotendinous, and Muscle-to-Bone Junction Therapy Perspectives with Growth Factors and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157-A Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Spatiotemporal Model of CXCL10 as a Master Regulator of Immune Evasion and Metastasis in Osteosarcoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Anti-adhesive agents in tendon repair: mechanisms, preclinical evidence, clinical challenges, and future perspectives-a narrative review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Review
- Construction of a HSC activation-related lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network reveals potential molecules involved in liver fibrosis.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Cytoarchitectural modifications and antiinflammatory strategies in tendinopathy recovery.PloS one · 2025Article
- Peritendinous adhesion: Therapeutic targets and progress of drug therapy.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Exploration of Perturbed Liver Fibrosis-Related Factors and Collagen Type I in Animal Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Transforming Growth Factor-β Induces Interleukin-6 Secretion from Human Ligamentum Flavum-Derived Cells through Partial Activation of p38 and p44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases.Asian spine journal · 2023Article
- miRNAs contributing to the repair of tendon injury.Cell and tissue research · 2023Review
- Screening for autophagy/hypoxia/ferroptosis/pyroptosis-related genes of tendon injury and repair in a rat model after celecoxib and lactoferrin treatment.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Article
- Rebalancing SMAD7/SMAD3 Signaling Reduces Adhesion Formation during Flexor Tendon Healing.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Risk factors associated with tendon adhesions after hand tendon repair.Frontiers in surgery · 2023Article
- Gait analysis combined with the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β3 and CREB during Achilles tendon healing in rat.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe injured flexor tendon has poor healing ability, which is easy to cause tendon adhesion. It can affect the recovery of tendon function, which is still a long-term and difficult task for surgeons. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been widely considered to play an important role in flexor tendon repair in recent years.
aimThis work was to investigate the anti-adhesion and anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-β3 on flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon repair rats.
methodAnastomosis models of tendon laceration in the flexion toes of rats were delivered with no treatment, vehicle, or TGF-β3 -overexpressed adenovirus vector (ad-TGF-β3) locally to the injured tendon area from day 3 to 8. Subsequently, the expression of TGF-β3, TGF-β1/2, Smad3, Smad7, JNK, phosphorylation (p)-JNK, c-Jun, and phosphorylation (p)-c-Jun were detected by western blot, the expression of Mmp9 and Mmp2 by RT-qPCR, the Range of motion (ROM) and gliding resistance by adhesion formation testing, the mechanical strength of tendon healing by biomechanical testing, the pathologic changes of flexor tendon tissues by HE staining, the expression of collagen type III by immunohistochemical staining, and the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, COX2 and IL-1β in serum by ELISA, respectively.
resultsRat models treated with no treatment showed a lower elevation of TGF-β3 and Smad7 expression, and a higher elevation of TGF-β1/2 and Smad3 expression, during day 14 to day 28. Besides, under the treatment of ad-TGF-β3, a significantly increase was reflected in the expression of TGF-β3 and Smad7, ROM, as well as mechanical strength of flexor tendon, whereas significantly reduction was shown in gliding resistance, the content of inflammatory cytokines, the ratio of p-JNK/JNK, p-c-Jun/c-Jun, as well as the expression of TGF-β1/2, Smad3, Mmp9, and Mmp2 genes, as compared to those from vehicle treatment. Meanwhile, TGF-β3 demonstrated a better pathologic recovery process with no obvious necrosis or fracture of collagen fibers. Besides, TGF-β3 revealed a significant reduction of collagen type-III expression in the flexor tendon healing tissues.
conclusionThese findings suggested that TGF-β3 effectively protected against flexor tendon injury via regulating adhesion formation.
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