ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2021
Microglial functional alteration and increased diversity in the challenged brain: Insights into novel targets for intervention.
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Review
- Comparative lipidomics of iPSC-derived microglia protocols reveal lipid droplet and immune differences mediated by media composition.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Vagus nerve stimulation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for maternal immune activation-induced alterations in offspring microglia and neurodevelopment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- A vicious cycle of microglial dysfunction: bridging synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation across the neurodevelopmental continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Imaging brain inflammation and blood brain barrier permeability in neurological and psychiatric diseases: a review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Sex chromosomes and sex hormones differently shape microglial properties during normal physiological conditions in the adult mouse hippocampus.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Distinct ultrastructural phenotypes of glial and neuronal alpha-synuclein inclusions in multiple system atrophy.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Human Glial Cells as Innovative Targets for the Therapy of Central Nervous System Pathologies.Cells · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on microglia and neuroinflammation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Bioelectronic Medicine: a multidisciplinary roadmap from biophysics to precision therapies.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2024Review
- Microglial Positron Emission Tomography Imaging In Vivo : Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands: Utility in Research and Clinical Practice.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Pivotal Role of Cranial Irradiation-Induced Peripheral, Intrinsic, and Brain-Engrafting Macrophages in Malignant Glioma.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2024Review
- General Pathophysiology of Microglia.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Adult Neurogenesis, Learning and Memory.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Microglia and Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Brain rhythms control microglial response and cytokine expression via NF-κB signaling.Science advances · 2023Article
- T1AM/TAAR1 System Reduces Inflammatory Response and β-Amyloid Toxicity in Human Microglial HMC3 Cell Line.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, which perform beneficial physiological roles across life. These immune cells actively maintain CNS health by clearing toxic debris and removing dysfunctional or degenerating cells. They also modify the wiring of neuronal circuits, by acting on the formation, modification, and elimination of synapses-the connections between neurons. Microglia furthermore recently emerged as highly diverse cells comprising several structural and functional states, indicating a far more critical involvement in orchestrating brain development, plasticity, behaviour, and cognition. Various environmental factors, together with the individual genetic predispositions, confer an increased risk for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases that include autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, across life. Microglia are highly sensitive to chronic psychological stress, inadequate diet, viral/bacterial infection, pollution, and insufficient or altered sleep, especially during critical developmental periods, but also throughout life. These environmental challenges can compromise microglial physiological functions, resulting notably in defective neuronal circuit wiring, altered brain functional connectivity, and the onset of behavioral deficits into adolescence, adulthood, and aging. This short review provides a historical and technical perspective, notably focused on my contribution to the field, on how environmental challenges affect microglia, particularly their physiological functions, and increase their diversity, which provides novel targets for intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.