ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2021
Using the influenza vaccine as a mild, exogenous inflammatory challenge: When does inflammation peak?
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of a mild inflammatory challenge on cytokines and sickness behavior: A randomized controlled trial using the influenza vaccine.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Trial
- Inflammatory reactivity is unrelated to childhood adversity or provoked modulation of nociception.Pain · 2025Article
- Acute inflammation elicits decreased blood pressure but similar arterial stiffness in young African American adults.Experimental physiology · 2024Article
- The roles of inflammation, affect, and interoception in predicting social perception.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Inflammatory reactivity to the influenza vaccine is associated with changes in automatic social behavior.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe influenza vaccine has shown promise as a mild, exogenous inflammatory challenge, but use of this model is limited by lack of knowledge about the timing of the inflammatory response. This study was designed to characterize the time-course of the acute inflammatory response and explore psychological and behavioral predictors of that response.
methodsTwenty-one young, healthy individuals were recruited to receive the annual influenza vaccine. Serial blood samples were collected immediately before, and 24, 48, and 72 h following influenza vaccination. Interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were assayed at each time-point and psychological and behavioral factors (anxiety and depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and childhood adversity) were assessed at baseline.
resultsSignificant elevations in IL-6 were observed at 24 h post-vaccination (mean increase = 0.70 pg/mL, Cohen's d = 0.54,
conclusionsBy identifying the peak IL-6 response to influenza vaccination among a sample of young, healthy individuals, these findings support the use of the influenza vaccine in future PNI research. This vaccine model can be used to examine the impact of mild inflammatory challenges on the brain and behavior, and to identify psychological and behavioral factors (e.g., anxiety, sleep) that modulate inflammatory reactivity.
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Registered trials
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