ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2021
Early chronic systemic inflammation and associations with cognitive performance after moderate to severe TBI.
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fluid Biomarkers of Cognitive Impairments Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Traumatic Brain Injury Severity Measured by Clinical, Radiographical, and Blood Biomarker Measures Is Associated with Non-Neurological Organ Dysfunction: A Secondary Analysis of ProTECT III and Bio-ProTECT.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Trial
- Repeated head impacts establish a senescent cranial bone marrow niche that impairs brain metabolism.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Repeated Mild Head Injury Establishes a Senescent Cranial Bone Marrow Niche that Impairs Brain Metabolism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Secondary thalamic neuroinflammation associates with disturbed corticothalamic connectivity in a model of severe traumatic brain injury in male rats-a longitudinal study.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Severity-stratified gut microbiome dysbiosis and systemic neuroinflammation in acute traumatic brain injury: a metagenomic and cytokine profiling study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory, White Matter, and Neurodegenerative Mechanisms in Fluid Ability Decrements in Chronic Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia: Mechanisms, Risk Stratification, and Clinical Management.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Soluble Glycoprotein 130Fc Reduces Controlled Cortical Impact-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Rats.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
- Immunity impacts cognitive deficits across neurological disorders.Journal of neurochemistry · 2024Review
- Cerebral hypoperfusion exacerbates vascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury.Experimental neurology · 2024Article
- Exploratory assessment of the effect of systemic administration of soluble glycoprotein 130 on cognitive performance and chemokine levels in a mouse model of experimental traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Dysregulated brain-gut axis in the setting of traumatic brain injury: review of mechanisms and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- New insights into the intestinal barrier through "gut-organ" axes and a glimpse of the microgravity's effects on intestinal barrier.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Review
- Neurological manifestations of encephalitic alphaviruses, traumatic brain injuries, and organophosphorus nerve agent exposure.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect Neurological Function After Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing Microglial Transformation to the Proinflammatory Phenotype and Activating Exosomal NGF/TrkA Signaling.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Neurosteroid Receptor Modulators for Treating Traumatic Brain Injury.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Review
- Serum Biomarker Concentrations upon Admission in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations with TBI Severity,NeuroSci · 2023Article
- Preclinical findings reveal the pharmacological targets of ferulic acid in the treatment of traumatic brain injury.Food science & nutrition · 2022Article
- Treelet transform analysis to identify clusters of systemic inflammatory variance in a population with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCognitive dysfunction adversely effects multiple functional outcomes and social roles after TBI. We hypothesize that chronic systemic inflammation exacerbates cognitive deficits post-injury and diminishes functional cognition and quality of life (QOL). Yet few studies have examined relationships between inflammation and cognition after TBI. Associations between early chronic serum inflammatory biomarker levels, cognitive outcomes, and QOL 6-months and 12-months after moderate-to-severe TBI were identified using unweighted (uILS) and weighted (wILS) inflammatory load score (ILS) formation.
methodsAdults with moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 157) completed neuropsychological testing, the Functional Impairment Measure Cognitive Subscale (FIM-Cog) and self-reported Percent Back to Normal scale 6 months (n = 139) and 12 months (n = 136) post-injury. Serial serum samples were collected 1-3 months post-TBI. Cognitive composite scores were created as equally weighted means of T-scores derived from a multidimensional neuropsychological test battery. Median inflammatory marker levels associated with 6-month and 12-month cognitive composite T-scores (p < 0.10) were selected for ILS formation. Markers were quartiled, and quartile ranks were summed to generate an uILS. Marker-specific β-weights were derived using penalized ridge regression, multiplied by standardized marker levels, and summed to generate a wILS. ILS associations with cognitive composite scores were assessed using multivariable linear regression. Structural equation models assessed ILS influences on functional cognition and QOL using 12-month FIM-Cog and Percent Back to Normal scales.
resultsILS component markers included: IL-1β, TNF-α, sIL-4R, sIL-6R, RANTES, and MIP-1β. Increased sIL-4R levels were positively associated with overall cognitive composite T-scores in bivariate analyses, while remaining ILS markers were negatively associated with cognition. Multivariable receiver operator curves (ROC) showed uILS added 14.98% and 31.93% relative improvement in variance captured compared to the covariates only base model (age, sex, education, Glasgow Coma Scale score) when predicting cognitive composite scores at 6 and 12 months, respectively; wILS added 33.99% and 36.87% relative improvement in variance captured. Cognitive composite mediated wILS associations with FIM-Cog scores at 12 months, and both cognitive composite and FIM-Cog scores mediated wILS associations with QOL.
conclusionsEarly chronic inflammatory burden is associated with cognitive performance post-TBI. wILS explains greater variance in cognitive composite T-scores than uILS. Linking inflammatory burden associated with cognitive deficits to functional outcome post-TBI demonstrates the potential impact of immunotherapy interventions aimed at improving cognitive recovery post-TBI.
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