Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34588793›Full record

ArticleJournal of inflammation research2021

Implications for Systemic Approaches to COVID-19: Effect Sizes of Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Melatonin, Vitamin D3, and Meditation.

Ryan D Castle, Michelle A Williams, William C Bushell, J Adam Rindfleisch, Christine Tara Peterson, James Marzolf, Kimberly Brouwer, Paul J Mills

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Bridging Gaps in Long COVID Therapy: A Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Whole Person Health: The Role of Advocacy.Global advances in health and medicine · 2022
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ryan D CastleScience Division, Whole Health Institute, Bentonville, AR, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7781-7612
Michelle A WilliamsHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
William C BushellScience Division, Whole Health Institute, New York, NY, USA.
J Adam RindfleischEducation Department, Whole Health School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bentonville, AR, USA.
Christine Tara PetersonCenter of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
James MarzolfHealth Sector Finance & Policy, Whole Health Institute, Bentonville, AR, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1159-6789
Kimberly BrouwerHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Paul J MillsHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionCOVID-19 poses a chronic threat to inflammatory systems, reinforcing the need for efficient anti-inflammatory strategies. The purpose of this review and analysis was to determine the efficacy of various interventions upon the inflammatory markers most affected by COVID-19. The focus was on the markers associated with COVID-19, not the etiology of the virus itself.

methodsBased on 27 reviewed papers, information was extracted on the effects of COVID-19 upon inflammatory markers, then the effects of standard treatments (Remdesivir, Tocilizumab) and adjunctive interventions (vitamin D

resultsThe data that were available indicated that adjunctive interventions affected 68.4% of the inflammatory markers impacted by COVID-19, while standard pharmaceutical medication affected 26.3%. DISCUSSION: Nonstandard adjunctive care appeared to have comparable or superior effects in comparison to Remdesivir and Tocilizumab on the inflammatory markers most impacted by COVID-19. Alongside standards of care, melatonin, vitamin D

Indexed as

antiviralscorticosteroidsCOVID-19cytokine stormeffect sizeinflammationmeditationmelatoninvitamin Dwhole health

Identifiers

PMID34588793
PMCPMC8473718

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.