ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2021
Use of menopausal hormone therapy and risk of dementia: nested case-control studies using QResearch and CPRD databases.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- The Potential Role of Dietary (Poly)phenols in Cardiometabolic Risk During Menopause: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Childhood socioeconomic status and episodic memory in later life: the moderating roles of education and social class in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2002-2024).BMJ public health · 2026Article
- European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - hormone replacement therapy, other common medical therapies and cancer.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
- CSF estrogens' relationships to neuroinflammatory markers and brain networks in middle-aged and older black and white women.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The association between reproductive factors and neurocognitive and neuroimaging markers of brain aging.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- The 2025 Menopausal Hormone Therapy Guidelines - Korean Society of Menopause.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2025Review
- Discontinuation of menopausal hormone therapy and risk of fracture: nested case-control studies using routinely collected primary care data.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2025Article
- Decreased protein activator of interferon induced protein kinase (PRKRA) involved in menopause-related cholesterol metabolic disorders by regulating cholesterol biosynthesis.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- The interplay between age at menopause and synaptic integrity on Alzheimer's disease risk in women.Science advances · 2025Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and exercise on psychosocial well-being and stress in menopausal women.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Article
- Associations of age at menopause, bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy and hormone replacement therapy with glycaemia and risk of dementia: a study based on the population-based UK Biobank cohort.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women in national cohorts of England and Wales.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Assessing the Impact of (Poly)phenol-Rich Foods on Cardiometabolic Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Dietary Trial.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Hormone therapy is associated with lower Alzheimer's disease tau biomarkers in post-menopausal females -evidence from two independent cohorts.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- Risks and benefits of hormone therapy after menopause for cognitive decline and dementia: A conceptual review.Maturitas · 2024Review
- The 100 top-cited articles in menopausal syndrome: a bibliometric analysis.Reproductive health · 2024Article
- Age at menopause and all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the risks of developing dementia associated with different types and durations of menopausal hormone therapy.
designTwo nested case-control studies.
settingUK general practices contributing to QResearch or the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), using all links to hospital, mortality, and social deprivation data.
participants118 501 women aged 55 and older with a primary diagnosis of dementia between 1998 and 2020, matched by age, general practice, and index date to 497 416 female controls.
main outcome measuresDementia diagnoses from general practice, mortality, and hospital records; odds ratios for menopausal hormone treatments adjusted for demographics, smoking status, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, family history, and other prescribed drugs.
resultsOverall, 16 291 (14%) women with a diagnosis of dementia and 68 726 (14%) controls had used menopausal hormone therapy more than three years before the index date. Overall, no increased risks of developing dementia associated with menopausal hormone therapy were observed. A decreased global risk of dementia was found among cases and controls younger than 80 years who had been taking oestrogen-only therapy for 10 years or more (adjusted odds ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.94). Increased risks of developing specifically Alzheimer's disease were found among women who had used oestrogen-progestogen therapy for between five and nine years (1.11, 1.04 to 1.20) and for 10 years or more (1.19, 1.06 to 1.33). This was equivalent to, respectively, five and seven extra cases per 10 000 woman years. Detailed risk associations for the specific progestogens studied are also provided.
conclusionThis study gives estimates for risks of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in women exposed to different types of menopausal hormone therapy for different durations and has shown no increased risks of developing dementia overall. It has shown a slightly increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease among long term users of oestrogen-progestogen therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.