ArticleBMC public health2021
Modeling mortality risk effects of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: results from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File Data.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Developing Messages to Prevent Smokeless Tobacco and Nicotine Pouch Uptake Among Early Career Rural Firefighters in California: A Qualitative Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Social Cognitive Influences Associated With Susceptibility to Nicotine and Tobacco Use in Youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2025Article
- Oral Cancer Incidence Among Adult Males With Current or Former Use of Cigarettes or Smokeless Tobacco: Population-Based Study.JMIR cancer · 2024Article
- Association of cigarette and electronic cigarette use patterns with all-cause mortality: A national cohort study of 145,390 US adults.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Association between perceived addiction and cessation behaviours among users of smokeless or combustible tobacco in India.Drug and alcohol review · 2022Article
- Correction to: Modeling mortality risk effects of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: results from the national health interview survey linked mortality file data.BMC public health · 2022Article
- An Analysis of Tobacco and Marijuana Use by Middle School and High School Bisexual and Homosexual Students Surveyed by the National Youth Tobacco Survey From 2020 to 2022.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are among a wide range of tobacco products that are addictive and pose a significant health risk. In this study, we estimated smoking- and SLT use-related mortality hazard ratios (HRs) among U.S. adults by sex, age group, and cause of death, for nine mutually exclusive categories of smoking and/or SLT use.
methodsWe used data from the public-use National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality with mortality follow-up through 2015. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate mortality HRs, adjusted by race/ethnicity, education, poverty level, body mass index, and tobacco-use status.
resultsWith never users as reference group, HRs for smoking-related diseases for male exclusive current smokers aged 35-64 and 65+ were 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79-2.65), and 2.45 (95% CI: 2.14-2.79), respectively. Similar significant HR estimates were found for females and for all-cause mortality (ACM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) outcomes. HRs for exclusive current SLT users were only significant for males aged 35-64 for ACM (HR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.27-3.27) and OCM (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.50-5.25). HRs for users who switched from cigarettes to SLT products were significant for males aged 65+ for smoking-related diseases (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.47-2.88), SLT-related diseases (HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.36-2.89), and ACM (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.21-2.19).
conclusionsMale exclusive current SLT users aged 35-64 had a significant HR for ACM and OCM outcomes, suggesting that deaths not attributed to SLT use could be contributing to the ACM elevated HR for exclusive current SLT users.
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