ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2021
H5Nx Viruses Emerged during the Suppression of H5N1 Virus Populations in Poultry.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emergence of a novel reassorted high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N2) virus associated with severe pneumonia in a young adult.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Revealing Reassortment in Influenza A Viruses with TreeSort.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses: knowns, unknowns, and challenges.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Review
- From emergence to endemicity of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in Taiwan.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Characterization of an Emergent Chicken H3N8 Influenza Virus in Southern China: a Potential Threat to Public Health.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Comparative analysis of PB2 residue 627E/K/V in H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Phylodynamics and Molecular Mutations of the Hemagglutinin Affecting Global Transmission and Host Adaptation of H5Nx Viruses.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Experimental and natural infections of white-tailed sea eagles (Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have posed a substantial pandemic threat through repeated human infection since their emergence in China in 1996. Nationwide control measures, including vaccination of poultry, were implemented in 2005, leading to a sharp reduction in H5N1 virus outbreaks. In 2008, novel non-N1 subtype (H5Nx) viruses emerged, gradually replacing the dominant H5N1 subtype and causing global outbreaks. The cause of this major shift in the ecology of HPAI H5 viruses remains unknown. Here, we show that major H5N1 virus lineages underwent population bottlenecks in 2006, followed by a recovery in virus populations between 2007 and 2009. Our analyses indicate that control measures, not competition from H5Nx viruses, were responsible for the H5N1 decline, with an H5N1 lineage capable of infecting poultry and wild birds experiencing a less severe population bottleneck due to circulation in unaffected wild birds. We show that H5Nx viruses emerged during the successful suppression of H5N1 virus populations in poultry, providing an opportunity for antigenically distinct H5Nx viruses to propagate. Avian influenza vaccination programs would benefit from universal vaccines targeting a wider diversity of influenza viruses to prevent the emergence of novel subtypes.
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