ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause and in comparison to Europe, 1990 to 2018.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- A 25 year nationwide analysis of mortality trends from cerebrovascular diseases in patients with lung cancer (1999-2023).Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Rising Black life expectancy in an era of increased immigration.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Structured Inequality, Uncertain Lifespans: Demographic Perspectives on Predicting Individual-Level Longevity.Population and development review · 2026Article
- Perceptions About Housing and Neighborhood Characteristics Among Aging Adult Black Americans in Two Predominantly Black, Low-Income Neighborhoods in Pittsburgh: A Multi-Method Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Stagnating declines in cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States expanded the black-white life expectancy gap.Preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Geographic Variation in the Utilization of Cancer Care From Subspecialized Medical Oncologists in the United States, 2008 to 2020.Annals of internal medicine · 2025Article
- "When There Are Enough Cracks, Everyone Steps on Them": Administrative Burdens in the US Health Care System.Health services research · 2025Article
- Article
- Pre-COVID-19 Geographic Inequalities in Non-Hispanic Black US Life Expectancy, 1990 to 2019.Population and development review · 2025Article
- Racial Bias in Clinical and Population Health Algorithms: A Critical Review of Current Debates.Annual review of public health · 2025Review
- Parental loss at age birth to 21 years and daughters' breast cancer and tumor characteristics.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2025Article
- Wealth and mortality among late-middle-aged individuals in Norway: a nationwide register-based retrospective study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding the demographics of the opioid overdose death crisis.Journal of population economics · 2025Article
- From one death to another: The relationship between familial deaths and one's own mortality risk among an urban Black American cohort.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Heterogeneity in Damages from A Pandemic.The review of economics and statistics · 2024Article
- The Distribution of Carceral Harm: County-Level Jail Incarceration and Mortality by Race, Sex, and Age.Demography · 2024Article
- Europeans and Americans of European origin show differences between their biological pathways related to the major histocompatibility complex.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prescription for Cash? Cash Support to Low-Income Families in Maternal and Pediatric Health Care Settings.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Article
- Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cause-specific premature mortality in Belgium, 1998-2019.BMC public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
27 authors at 13 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990 and 2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in high- and low-income US areas and with reference to six European countries. Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the United States than in Europe. In 1990, White Americans and Europeans in high-income areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in low-income areas was lower. However, since then, even high-income White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%. Black American life expectancy increased more than White American life expectancy in all US areas, but improvements in lower-income areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black Americans' mortality reductions included cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period. Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990 to 2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both high-income and low-income areas.
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