ReviewHuman immunology2022
Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice.
Review in Human immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Aptamin C on NK Cell Activity and Cytotoxicity: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial and In Vitro Comparison with Vitamin C.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cytokine storm.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- NK Cells: A Powerful Squad Versus SARS-CoV-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- The causal effect of natural killer cells on COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and severity.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Article
- KLRB1 expression in nasopharyngeal mucosa as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Recent advances in adoptive cell therapy for cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Impact of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors and Human Leukocyte Antigen-E, Human Leukocyte Antigen-G Polymorphisms on Innate Immunity and COVID-19 Severity.Journal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Off-the-shelf allogeneic natural killer cells for the treatment of COVID-19.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2024Article
- Mutations in nonstructural proteins essential for pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- The effect of nutritional biochemical indexes on the hospitalization outcome of COVID-19.Aging · 2023Article
- Cytokine storm and translating IL-6 biology into effective treatments for COVID-19.Frontiers of medicine · 2023Review
- The unreversible reduced but persistent activated NK and CD8Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Immune-Cell-Based Therapy for COVID-19: Current Status.Viruses · 2023Review
- HLA-E*01:01 + HLA-E*01:01 genotype confers less susceptibility to COVID-19, while HLA-E*01:03 + HLA-E*01:03 genotype is associated with more severe disease.Human immunology · 2023Article
- Review
- Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- Vitamin B12 attenuates leukocyte inflammatory signature in COVID-19Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review.Journal of immunology research · 2023Review
- COVID-19 in pulmonary critically ill patients: metagenomic identification of fungi and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response to the infection has a pivotal role in the initial control and treatment of disease. However, SARS-CoV-2 subtly interrupts the equations of immune responses, disrupting the cytolytic antiviral effects of NK cells, while seriously activating infected macrophages and other immune cells to induce an unleashed "cytokine storm", a dangerous and uncontrollable inflammatory response causing life-threatening symptoms in patients. Notably, the NK cell exhaustion with ineffective cytolytic function against the sources of exaggerated cytokine release, acts as an Achilles' heel which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Given this, approaches that improve NK cell cytotoxicity may benefit treatment protocols. As a suggestion, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.