ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2021
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of mirror syndrome: a retrospective case-control study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Findings in Hydrops-Related Mirror Syndrome.Prenatal diagnosis · 2026Article
- Mirror Syndrome (Ballantyne Syndrome): Prenatal Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and the Role of Fetal Therapy-A Narrative Review.Prenatal diagnosis · 2026Review
- Pregnancy induced hypertension and mirror syndrome associated with fetal hemoglobin Bart's disease in Thailand: a retrospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #75: Evaluation and management of non-immune hydrops fetalis.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Isolated Transient Neonatal Ascites in a Preterm Infant Born to a Mother with Mirror Syndrome: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2025Article
- Risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancies with non-immune hydrops fetalis and single fetal effusions.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Clinical manifestation and management in a resource-limited setting of Ballantyne syndrome (Mirror syndrome) associated with preeclampsia, a case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Dobbs-driven expansion of perinatal palliative care: a scoping review of the evidence and its limits.Health affairs scholar · 2025Review
- Ballantyne Syndrome Related to Down Syndrome and Chorioamnionitis: A Case Report and Literature Review.Cureus · 2025Article
- A singleton pregnancy with placental chorioangioma and hydrops fetalis complicated with mirror syndrome and ritodrine-induced side effects: a case report.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Is Fetal Hydrops in Turner Syndrome a Risk Factor for the Development of Maternal Mirror Syndrome?Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMirror syndrome (MS) is a rare obstetric disorder complicated with high maternal morbidity and fetal mortality. MS is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed due to the low incidence and lack of awareness of its diverse features. This study aimed to summarise the etiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of MS among mothers with fetal hydrops.
methodsThis retrospective case-control study included 37 pregnant women with fetal hydrops in the second and third trimesters from 58,428 deliveries performed at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University between January 2012 and December 2020. Cases were categorized as MS and non-MS according to the presence or absence of maternal mirroring symptoms. Binary logistic regression was performed for analysis.
resultsFourteen women developed MS with an overall incidence of 0.024% (14/58,428) and 37.8% (14/37) in the fetal hydrops cases. Among the 11 MS cases with known associated etiologies, seven had alpha thalassemia major. Onset of fetal hydrops was later (27.8 vs. 23.0 weeks) and the rate of placental thickening was higher (85.7% vs. 34.8%) in the MS group than in the non-MS group (P < 0.05). Regarding maternal characteristics, the MS group had higher maternal morbidity (85.7% vs. 8.7%), more weight gain (9.0 vs. 5.5 kg), higher rates of hypertension (35.7 vs. 0%) and proteinuria (64.3% vs. 4.3%), and lower levels of hemoglobin (88 vs. 105 g/L) and serum albumin (25.8 vs. 35.0 g/L) than the non-MS group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that onset of fetal hydrops at ≥24 weeks and placental thickening were associated with the risk of MS among fetal hydrops cases (OR 15.83, 95% CI 1.56-160.10 and OR 8.63, 95% CI 1.29-57.72, respectively).
conclusionsMS is relatively common among fetal hydrops cases in the late second and third trimesters, and alpha thalassemia major is the main etiology for fetal hydrops and also MS in this population. Complicated with high maternal morbidity, the key maternal features of MS include more weight gain, hemodilution, and hypertension. Among those with fetal hydrops, the onset time of ≥24 weeks and placental thickening are risk factors for MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.