Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34582315›Full record

ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021

Vaccines and vaccination: history and emerging issues.

Veysel Kayser, Iqbal Ramzan

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
9.5field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Effects of Heat-KilledNutrients · 2023
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  10. Gender Differences in Psychological Strengths Among Rural Adolescents.Journal of child and adolescent psychiatric nursing : official publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Veysel KayserSydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1310-9534
Iqbal RamzanSydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
The University of Sydney · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Prophylactic vaccines are crucial in modern healthcare and have been used successfully to combat bacterial and viral infectious diseases. Infections like polio and smallpox, which were dreaded historically, and which devastated the human race over many centuries, are now rare. Smallpox has been eradicated completely and polio is nearly eradicated because of vaccines. Vaccines differ fundamentally from other classes of medicines in that they are usually administered as a preventive measure to a healthy individual rather than to a sick person already with an infection, although exceptions to this practice exist. Most currently used prophylactic vaccines are based on established platforms, but many vaccine candidates, in late development stages, including several COVID-19 vaccines, use highly novel vaccine platforms not available historically. History of infectious diseases and prophylactic vaccines are filled with important scientific lessons, and thus provide valuable insights for the future. With hindsight, historically there were some ethically questionable approaches to testing vaccines and the germ warfare against native populations in the Americas and other regions. In this review, we examine key historical lessons learned with prophylactic vaccines with reflections on current healthcare dilemmas and controversies with respect to influenza and COVID-19 vaccines.

Indexed as

COVID-19VaccinesViral VaccinesCOVID-19 VaccinesHumansSARS-CoV-2VaccinationCOVID-19 VaccinesVaccinesViral Vaccineshistory of vaccinesinfectious diseasespreventive medicinesprophylactic vaccinesvaccinationVaccinesvirology

Identifiers

PMID34582315
PMCPMC8903967
OpenAlexW3202032160

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.