ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2022
The costs of developing treatments for Alzheimer's disease: A retrospective exploration.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Rationale for a Multi-Factorial Approach for the Reversal of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease and MCI: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Developing Interim Outcome Measures for Multi-Arm Multistage Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2026Article
- Review
- Patient views on blood-based biomarker tests for Alzheimer's disease in primary care.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Cognitive screening biases in a secondary prevention Alzheimer's disease clinical trial.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The roles of biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Key Chemotypes for the Rational Design of Dual AChE/BACE-1 Inhibitors.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Aducanumab binding to AβProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Concurrent detection of cognitive impairment and amyloid positivity with a multimodal machine learning-enabled digital cognitive assessment.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Reinventing "N" in the A/T/N framework: The case for digital.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Article
- Aducanumab Binding to AβbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Translatability of Animal Models for Alzheimer's Disease Using a Machine Learning Based Workflow.Clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Therapeutic applications of exercise in neurodegenerative diseases: focusing on the mechanism of SIRT1.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- AI-driven fusion of multimodal data for Alzheimer's disease biomarker assessment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Drug repurposing for Alzheimer's disease using a graph-of-thoughts based large language model to infer drug-disease relationships in a comprehensive knowledge graph.BioData mining · 2025Article
- Multi-Target Drug Design in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Emerging Technologies, Advantages, Challenges, and Limitations.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Review
- AI-guided patient stratification improves outcomes and efficiency in the AMARANTH Alzheimer's Disease clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Oxytocin Intervention Mitigates Pathological and Behavioral Impairments in APP/PS1 Mice Subjected to Early Social Isolation.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Targeting Tau Protein with Proximity Inducing Modulators: A New Frontier to Combat Tauopathies.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Commentary.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionWith the exception of the recent accelerated approval of aducanumab, in over 26 years of research and development (R&D) investment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), only five novel drugs-all for symptomatic treatment only-have reached FDA approval. Here, we estimate the costs of AD drug development during this period in the private sector.
methodsTo estimate private R&D funding, we collected information on AD clinical trials (n = 1099; phases 1-4) conducted between January 1, 1995 and June 21, 2021 from various databases. Costs were derived using previously published methodologies and adjusted for inflation.
resultsSince 1995, cumulative private expenditures on clinical stage AD R&D were estimated at $42.5 billion, with the greatest costs (57%; $24,065 million) incurred during phase 3; approximately 184,000 participants were registered or are currently enrolled in clinical trials. DISCUSSION: Measures to reduce expenditures while moving toward disease-modifying therapies that alleviate the rising burden of AD require continued investment from industry, government, and academia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.