Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34580468›Full record

ArticleNature nanotechnology2021

Acoustically triggered mechanotherapy using genetically encoded gas vesicles.

Avinoam Bar-Zion, Atousa Nourmahnad, David R Mittelstein, Shirin Shivaei, Sangjin Yoo, Marjorie T Buss, Robert C Hurt, Dina Malounda, Mohamad H Abedi, Audrey Lee-Gosselin and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
72citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

72 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Sono-Mechanogenetics: Linking Ultrasound Physics With Cellular Mechanobiology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Ultrasound-driven mechanophore activation in living plants.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  7. Enzymatic microbubble robots.Nature nanotechnology · 2026
    Article
  8. Mechanomedicine.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Protein engineering: status report.Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS · 2026
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Avinoam Bar-ZionDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Atousa NourmahnadDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
David R MittelsteinDivision of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Shirin ShivaeiDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Sangjin YooDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Marjorie T BussDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-9197
Robert C HurtDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-6901
Dina MaloundaDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Mohamad H AbediDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Audrey Lee-GosselinDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Margaret B SwiftDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
David MarescaDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4921-6406
Mikhail G ShapiroDivision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. mikhail@caltech.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0291-4215

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent advances in molecular engineering and synthetic biology provide biomolecular and cell-based therapies with a high degree of molecular specificity, but limited spatiotemporal control. Here we show that biomolecules and cells can be engineered to deliver potent mechanical effects at specific locations inside the body through ultrasound-induced inertial cavitation. This capability is enabled by gas vesicles, a unique class of genetically encodable air-filled protein nanostructures. We show that low-frequency ultrasound can convert these biomolecules into micrometre-scale cavitating bubbles, unleashing strong local mechanical effects. This enables engineered gas vesicles to serve as remotely actuated cell-killing and tissue-disrupting agents, and allows genetically engineered cells to lyse, release molecular payloads and produce local mechanical damage on command. We demonstrate the capabilities of biomolecular inertial cavitation in vitro, in cellulo and in vivo, including in a mouse model of tumour-homing probiotic therapy.

Indexed as

AcousticsGenetic TechniquesMicrobubblesAnimalsBiomechanical PhenomenaCell Line, TumorFemaleGasesHumansImmunotherapyMiceMice, Inbred BALB COptical ImagingProbioticsReceptors, Cell SurfaceUltrasonographyGasesReceptors, Cell Surface

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.