Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34580322›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis.

Peter Bauer, Jonas Brugger, Franz König, Martin Posch

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  7. Facing stress and inflammation: From the cell to the planet.World journal of experimental medicine · 2024
    Review
  8. A risk science perspective on vaccines.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2024
    Article
  9. Association between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2024
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Identifying age- and sex-specific COVID-19 mortality trends over time in six countries.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023
    Article
  18. Older Adults' Frequency of Going Outside during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations with Physical Distancing, Health Status, and Fall Risk Factors.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2023
    Article
  19. Article
  20. A sex-biased imbalance between Tfr, Tph, and atypical B cells determines antibody responses in COVID-19 patients.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Peter BauerSection for Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Jonas BruggerSection for Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Franz KönigSection for Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Martin PoschSection for Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria. martin.posch@meduniwien.ac.at.ORCID 0000-0001-8499-8573

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The number of reported coronavirus disease (COVID-19) deaths per 100,000 persons observed so far in 2020 is described in 15 European countries and the USA as dependent on age groups and sex. It is compared with the corresponding historic all-cause mortality per year depending on age and sex observed in these countries. Some common features exist although substantial differences in age and sex dependency of COVID-19 mortality were noted between countries. An exponential increase with age is a good model to describe and analyze both COVID-19 and all-cause mortality above 40 years old, where almost all COVID-19 deaths occur. Moreover, age dependency is stronger for COVID-19 mortality than for all-cause mortality, and males have an excess risk compared with women, which is less pronounced in the higher age groups. Additionally, concerning calendar time, differences in the age and sex dependency between countries were noted with the common tendency that male excess risk for COVID-19 mortality was smaller in the second half of the year.

Indexed as

Cause of DeathModels, TheoreticalAdultAgedAge FactorsCOVID-19EuropeFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMortalityRisk FactorsSARS-CoV-2Sex FactorsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID34580322
PMCPMC8476584

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.