ArticleNutrients2021
Milk Exosomes Transfer Oligosaccharides into Macrophages to Modulate Immunity and Attenuate Adherent-Invasive
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ultra-processed foods and obesity and adiposity parameters among children and adolescents: a systematic review.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Current Perspective on Human Milk Derived Vesicles and Their Potential Therapeutic Use: A Scoping Review.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles InhibitAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- An Ovine Intestinal Organoid-Macrophage Co-Culture Model to Test the Effects of Ovine Colostrum Exosomes on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Human milk oligosaccharide secretion dynamics during breastfeeding and its antimicrobial role: A systematic review.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Article
- Milk-derived extracellular vesicles: nature's nanocarriers for drug delivery and therapeutics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Changes in and relationships between human milk oligosaccharides and microRNAs in milk-derived extracellular vesicles during the first 4 months of lactation.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles: Emerging Nanosystems for Enhanced Tissue Engineering.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Human milk oligosaccharides: bridging the gap in intestinal microbiota between mothers and infants.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Epigenetic aging in cows is accelerated by milk production.Epigenetics · 2023Article
- Review
- Milk-borne small extracellular vesicles: kinetics and mechanisms of transport, distribution, and elimination.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2023Article
- Multifunctional Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles and Their Biomedical Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow's Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of human donor milk on gut barrier function and inflammation:Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- New insights into intestinal macrophages in necrotizing enterocolitis: the multi-functional role and promising therapeutic application.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Functional Roles of Exosomes in Allergic Contact Dermatitis.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Review
- HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Exosomes are abundance in human body fluids like urine, milk and blood. They act a critical role in extracellular and intracellular communication, intracellular trafficking and physiological regulation. Multiple immune-modulatory components, such as proteins, RNAs and carbohydrates (glycoproteins), have been found in human milk exosomes, which play immune-regulatory functions. However, little is known about oligosaccharides in milk exosomes, the "free sugars", which act critical roles in the development of infant's immature mucosal immune system. In this study, the profile of milk exosomes encapsulated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) was calibrated with characteristic oligosaccharides in colostrum and mature milk, respectively. The exosomes containing human milk oligosaccharides were uptaken by macrophages, which were responsible for the establishment of intestinal immunity. Furthermore, mice pretreated with exosome encapsulated HMOs were protected from AIEC infection and had significantly less LPS-induced inflammation and intestinal damage. Exosome encapsulated milk oligosaccharides are regarded to provide a natural manner for milk oligosaccharides to accomplish their critical functions in modifying newborn innate immunity. The understanding of the interaction between a mother's breastfeeding and the development of an infant's mucosal immune system would be advantageous. The transport of milk oligosaccharides to its target via exosome-like particles appears to be promising.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.